Intellectual property exhaustion, breeder frustration, and hindered innovation: Reviewing U.S. organic corn seed development
A. Endres,
Jessica Guarino,
Nabilah Nathani
Abstract:Private-sector dominance of plant breeding constitutes the present norm of organic seed genetics research, which has generated concerns in the organic farming community in this era of robust intellectual property protections. Intellectual property restrictions primarily in the form of certificates, patents, and contractual arrangements are blamed for stifling the innovation of organic seed varieties. To better understand the challenges small-scale and university-based breeders and researchers face in organi… Show more
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