Intellectual Profiles in Children With ADHD and Comorbid Learning and Motor Disorders

Parke, E; Thaler, Nicholas S.; Etcoff, Lewis M.; Allen, Daniel N.

doi:10.1177/1087054715576343

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 56 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Second, participants were pooled from a larger sample enrolled in a neuroimaging study wherein participants were recruited primarily from local schools, which may influence sample characteristics such as IQ and SES in comparison to clinic samples. In particular, the average IQ of our ADHD sample (mean FSIQ = 110) is relatively high compared to other studies in the literature (e.g., Parke, Thaler, Etcoff, & Allen, 2015 report an average FSIQ of 102). While this reduces the potential confound of IQ differences often present in delay discounting studies of individuals with ADHD, it may also limit the generalizability of our findings.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Investigating the Impact of Cognitive Load and Motivation on Response Control in Relation to Delay Discounting in Children with ADHD

Martinelli

Mostofsky

Rosch

2016

J Abnorm Child Psychol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by deficits in impulse control across a range of behaviors, from simple actions to those involving complex decision-making (e.g., preference for smaller-sooner versus larger later rewards). This study investigated whether changes in motor response control with increased cognitive load and motivational contingencies are associated with decision-making in the form of delay discounting among 8-12 year old children with and without ADHD. Children with ADHD (n = 26; 8 girls) and typically developing controls (n = 40; 11 girls) completed a standard go/no-go (GNG) task, a GNG task with motivational contingencies, a GNG task with increased cognitive load, and two measures of delay discounting: a real-time task in which the delays and immediately consumable rewards are experienced in real-time, and a classic task involving choices about money at longer delays. Children with ADHD, particularly girls, exhibited greater delay discounting than controls during the real-time discounting task, whereas diagnostic groups did not significantly differ on the classic discounting task. The effect of cognitive load on response control was uniquely associated with greater discounting on the real-time task for children with ADHD, but not for control children. The effect of motivational contingencies on response control was not significantly associated with delay discounting for either diagnostic group. The findings from this study help to inform our understanding of the factors that influence deficient self-control in ADHD, suggesting that impairments in cognitive control may contribute to greater delay discounting in ADHD.

show abstract

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Investigating the Impact of Cognitive Load and Motivation on Response Control in Relation to Delay Discounting in Children with ADHD

Martinelli

Mostofsky

Rosch

2016

J Abnorm Child Psychol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…First, it is important to consider the role of intellectual ability, both in terms of the greater difference in FSIQ between the ADHD and TD samples in the Wilson et al (2011) study (13-point difference: ADHD = 105; TD = 118) compared to our study (8-point difference: ADHD =108; TD =116) and the relatively higher IQ of our ADHD sample than is typically reported in the ADHD literature (e.g., Parke, Thaler, Etcoff, & Allen, 2015 report an average FSIQ of 102). Differences in IQ between ADHD and control samples are often reported, but it has been suggested that covarying for IQ may be inappropriate as this would control for a component of the disorder (Dennis et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Increased Delay Discounting on a Novel Real-Time Task among Girls, but not Boys, with ADHD

Rosch

Mostofsky

2015

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The aim of this study was to examine delay discounting in girls and boys with ADHD-Combined type (ADHD-C) relative to typically developing (TD) children on two tasks that differ in the extent to which the rewards and delays were experienced by participants. Children ages 8–12 years with ADHD-C (n = 65; 19 girls) and TD controls (n = 55; 15 girls) completed two delay discounting tasks involving a series of choices between smaller, immediate and larger, delayed rewards. The classic delay discounting task involved choices about money at delays of 1–90 days and only some of the outcomes were actually experienced by the participants. The novel real-time discounting task involved choices about an immediately consumable reward (playing a preferred game) at delays of 25–100 s, all of which were actually experienced by participants. Participants also provided subjective ratings of how much they liked playing the game and waiting to play. Girls with ADHD-C displayed greater delay discounting compared to boys with ADHD-C and TD girls and boys on the real-time discounting task. Diagnostic group differences were not evident on the classic discounting task. In addition, children with ADHD-C reported wanting to play the game more and liking waiting to play the game less than TD children. This novel demonstration of greater delay discounting among girls with ADHD-C on a discounting task in which the rewards are immediately consumable and the delays are experienced in real-time informs our understanding of sex differences and motivational processes in children with ADHD.

show abstract

“…Research into ASD (Mayes & Colhoun, 2008) and ADHD (Parke et al, 2015) populations also report poorer performance in PSI and WMI on the WISC, in comparison to the other indices. These two conditions show co-occurrence with DCD (Kirby & Sugden, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV, 2003) provides a measure of Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), which is derived from performance on ten subtests that comprise four key indices: Verbal Comprehension (VCI), Perceptual Reasoning (PRI), Working Memory (WMI) and Processing Speed (PSI). Using these indices, or at the subtest level, researchers have attempted to delineate the pattern of cognitive function and its relation to the behavioural characteristics often shown in many neurodevelopmental disorders often seen in the classroom, such as: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD, Charman et al, 2010;Mayes & Calhoun, 2008;Oliveras-Rentas, Kenworthy, Roberson, Martin, & Wallace, 2012), dyslexia (Moura, Simoes, & Pereira, 2014), or Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; Hagberg, Miniscalco & Gillberg, 2010;Parke, Thaler, Etcoff & Allen, 2015). In support of the WISC-IV, practitioners argue that its most beneficial feature is to generate cognitive profiles to help determine educational placement (Pfeiffer, Reddy, Kletzel, Schmelzer & Boyer, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the cognitive profile of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder

Sumner

Pratt²,

Hill

2016

Research in Developmental Disabilities

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Examining the cognitive profile of children with Developmental Coordination DisorderBackground. While primarily a motor disorder, research considering the cognitive abilities in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is limited; even though these children often struggle academically.Aims. The present study aimed to characterise the IQ profile of children with and without DCD, and to identify whether children with DCD exhibit specific cognitive weaknesses.Methods and Procedures. 104 children participated in the study. Fifty-two children (mean age, 9 years) with a diagnosis of DCD were matched to 52 typically-developing children by age and gender. Cognitive ability was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV). Outcomes and Results.Children with DCD performed poorer than their peers on processing speed and working memory measures. Individual analyses revealed varied performance in the DCD group across all cognitive indices, despite displaying Full-Scale IQs in the typical range. Discriminant function analyses show processing speed and working memory performance predicted only 23% of between-group variability. Conclusions.Children with DCD present with a heterogeneous cognitive profile, lending support to individual case analyses in research and when designing educational assistance plans. The motorically-demanding nature of the WISC-IV processing speed tasks raises specific concerns about using this index of the IQ assessment in this population. Research and practical implications are raised. What this paper adds?Intellectual (cognitive) abilities are assessed in research and clinical practice. A link between cognitive and motor skill is often reported in the typically-developing literature, but little is known about the cognitive profile of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of a range of cognitive abilities, using the popular Wechsler scales. For the first time, it shows that children with DCD perform poorly on only the processing speed and working memory measures, in comparison to their peers. However, the motor demands of processing speed tasks can in part explain these results. Moreover, a heterogeneous cognitive profile was identified in the DCD group. Analysis of individual differences shows that children with DCD do not present with a distinct IQ profile. This suggests that attention should be paid to individual case analyses in order to understand the relationship between motor skill and IQ. The paper addresses the risk of identifying DCD on the basis of an IQ profile, and encourages all practitioners to adhere to the standard diagnostic procedures identified in the DSM-5.3

show abstract

Intellectual Profiles in Children With ADHD and Comorbid Learning and Motor Disorders

Abstract: These intellectual profiles may have utility in identifying cognitive weaknesses inherent to these disorders and may be used to guide treatment intervention.

Cited by 25 publications

References 56 publications

Investigating the Impact of Cognitive Load and Motivation on Response Control in Relation to Delay Discounting in Children with ADHD

Investigating the Impact of Cognitive Load and Motivation on Response Control in Relation to Delay Discounting in Children with ADHD

Increased Delay Discounting on a Novel Real-Time Task among Girls, but not Boys, with ADHD

Examining the cognitive profile of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About