Integrity of the Cone Photoreceptor Mosaic in Oligocone Trichromacy

Michaelides, Michel; Rha, Jungtae; Dees, Elise W.; Baraas, Rigmor C.; Wagner-Schuman, Melissa; Mollon, J. D.; Dubis, Adam M.; Andersen, Mette Kjøbæk Gundestrup; Rosenberg, Thomas; Larsen, Michael; Moore, Anthony T.; Carroll, Joseph

doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6659

Cited by 34 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Our measured cone density values are similar to anatomic and scanning laser ophthalmoscope measurements from previous studies, 37,44,[47][48][49][50][56][57][58] however the differences in image acquisition, cone identification, and sampling make direct comparisons difficult. Peak cone density measurements were intended to mimic manually selected windows of highest quality, so we anticipated the measurements from this sampling method would most closely resemble histological data.…”

Section: Measuring Cone Density and The Effect Of Samplingsupporting

confidence: 84%

Assessment of Different Sampling Methods for Measuring and Representing Macular Cone Density Using Flood-Illuminated Adaptive Optics

Feng

Gale

Fay

et al. 2015

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. To describe a standardized flood-illuminated adaptive optics (AO) imaging protocol suitable for the clinical setting and to assess sampling methods for measuring cone density.METHODS. Cone density was calculated following three measurement protocols: 50 3 50-lm sampling window values every 0.58 along the horizontal and vertical meridians (fixed-interval method), the mean density of expanding 0.58-wide arcuate areas in the nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior quadrants (arcuate mean method), and the peak cone density of a 50 3 50-lm sampling window within expanding arcuate areas near the meridian (peak density method). Repeated imaging was performed in nine subjects to determine intersession repeatability of cone density. RESULTS.Cone density montages could be created for 67 of the 74 subjects. Image quality was determined to be adequate for automated cone counting for 35 (52%) of the 67 subjects. We found that cone density varied with different sampling methods and regions tested. In the nasal and temporal quadrants, peak density most closely resembled histological data, whereas the arcuate mean and fixed-interval methods tended to underestimate the density compared with histological data. However, in the inferior and superior quadrants, arcuate mean and fixed-interval methods most closely matched histological data, whereas the peak density method overestimated cone density compared with histological data. Intersession repeatability testing showed that repeatability was greatest when sampling by arcuate mean and lowest when sampling by fixed interval. CONCLUSIONS.We show that different methods of sampling can significantly affect cone density measurements. Therefore, care must be taken when interpreting cone density results, even in a normal population.

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Section: Measuring Cone Density and The Effect Of Samplingsupporting

confidence: 84%

Assessment of Different Sampling Methods for Measuring and Representing Macular Cone Density Using Flood-Illuminated Adaptive Optics

Feng

Gale

Fay

et al. 2015

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…The extent of macular cone mosaic disruption was more severe compared with cone dysfunction syndromes like achromatopsia and oligocone trichromacy. [22][23][24] In cases with minimal or no nystagmus, permitting better imaging closer to fovea, the degree of perifoveal cone photoreceptor disruption was consistent with the extent of photoreceptor IS-OS junction disruption noted on SD-OCT. Previous studies have consistently reported reasonable correlation between IS-OS junction disruption and absence of visible cones at the fovea and perifovea in cone dysfunction syndromes 23,24 and a wide range of retinal conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…[22][23][24] In cases with minimal or no nystagmus, permitting better imaging closer to fovea, the degree of perifoveal cone photoreceptor disruption was consistent with the extent of photoreceptor IS-OS junction disruption noted on SD-OCT. Previous studies have consistently reported reasonable correlation between IS-OS junction disruption and absence of visible cones at the fovea and perifovea in cone dysfunction syndromes 23,24 and a wide range of retinal conditions. 27,50,51 Further, the cone mosaic and density were also markedly abnormal in regions outside the fovea where SD-OCT showed less marked IS-OS disruption; the presence of intact rod photoreceptors in the region is the likely reason for this relative IS-OS preservation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Phenotypic Characteristics Including In Vivo Cone Photoreceptor Mosaic inKCNV2-Related “Cone Dystrophy with Supernormal Rod Electroretinogram”

Vincent

Wright

Garcia-Sanchez

et al. 2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…70 This has recently been demonstrated in human patients using flood-illuminated adaptive optics imaging, 71,72 although this needs to be examined with higher resolution devices to confirm how universal this feature is across a larger patient population and whether rods are also involved. 10,[12][13][14][15][16]18,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]52,[56][57][58]62,63,71,72,98,99 A B…”

Section: Albinismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Applications of Retinal Imaging with Adaptive Optics

Carroll¹,

Dubis²,

Godara³

et al. 2011

US Ophthalmic Review

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Before getting into the clinical utility of adaptive optics imaging technology, it is prudent to first review the basic principles of imaging with adaptive optics. With conventional optical imaging, the major factor limiting the achievable resolution is the eye's monochromatic aberrations, which are due to imperfections in the optics of the eye. These wavefront aberrations can be separated mathematically into shapes described by low order polynomials (defocus and astigmatism) and higher order polynomials (e.g. coma and trefoil). Although lower order aberrations can be effectively corrected using spectacles or contact lenses, the higher order aberrations cannot over a large field of view. Their effect on visual function is not typically severe; however, higher order aberrations interfere with high-resolution retinal imaging. Ophthalmic adaptive optics systems are designed to measure and correct for these higher-order aberrations, and can provide image resolution that is limited only by the pupil diameter of the eye, the axial length of the eye, and the wavelength of light. As shown in Figure 1, ophthalmic adaptive optics imaging systems have three main components-a wavefront sensor (typically a Shack-Hartmann design, for measuring the eye's aberrations), a corrective element (typically a deformable mirror, for correcting the aberrations), and an imaging device (typically a charge-coupled device [CCD] or photomultiplier tube). These design principles are not absolute, and alternative approaches that do not use a wavefront sensor 1 or that use multiple corrective elements 2,3 have been demonstrated. Nevertheless, the unifying feature of adaptive optics imaging systems is mitigation of the eye's aberrations to achieve nearly diffraction-limited imaging. These imaging systems have so far taken the form of an adaptive optics fundus camera, 4,5 an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope, 6 or an adaptive optics optical coherence tomograph (OCT). 7-9Current imaging systems are able to noninvasively resolve numerous structural features of the living human retina. As demonstrated by multiple groups, it is now possible to image both rod and cone photoreceptors, including foveal cones, which are the smallest photoreceptor cells in the retina (see Figure 2). 10-13 Much work has also been done on characterizing the normal photoreceptor mosaic, 10,11,[14][15][16][17][18] although larger databases and convergence on image analysis metrics is needed. While much of the clinical efforts have been directed at imaging the photoreceptors, the ability to resolve other features of the retina is likely to be useful in studying diseases such as glaucoma (lamina cribrosa, nerve fiber layer, ganglion cells), age-related macular degeneration (retinal pigment epithelium[RPE]), and diabetic retinopathy (retinal vasculature). There have been a handful of reports on visualizing RPE cells in the normal human retina using intrinsic autofluorescence in the normal retina 19 or reflectance in some patients with photoreceptor degeneration. 20...

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Integrity of the Cone Photoreceptor Mosaic in Oligocone Trichromacy

Cited by 34 publications

References 27 publications

Assessment of Different Sampling Methods for Measuring and Representing Macular Cone Density Using Flood-Illuminated Adaptive Optics

Assessment of Different Sampling Methods for Measuring and Representing Macular Cone Density Using Flood-Illuminated Adaptive Optics

Phenotypic Characteristics Including In Vivo Cone Photoreceptor Mosaic inKCNV2-Related “Cone Dystrophy with Supernormal Rod Electroretinogram”

Clinical Applications of Retinal Imaging with Adaptive Optics

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