“…In particular, these include VNS-induced autonomic side effects due to the presence in the vagus nerve of visceral efferent components affecting cardiac and laryngeal function [ 19 , 20 ], and the exposure to surgery-related risks such as peritracheal hematoma and infections [ 21 , 22 ]. Since then, TNS has been tested in the treatment of different neurological and psychiatric conditions, proving beneficial for seizure control, depression, migraine, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), post-traumatic stress disorder, and tinnitus [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. TNS has now reached a considerable diffusion in clinical practice, allowing for the development of a substantial base of knowledge supporting its possible therapeutic applications.…”