Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale: Correlations and Incremental Validity of a Cross-Cultural Measure Developed in Iran and the United States

Abstract

The authors used Iranian (N = 723) and American (N = 900) samples to develop an Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale for measuring a temporally integrated understanding of processes within the self. They administered this new instrument, the Mindfulness Scale (K. W. Brown & R. M. Ryan, 2003), the Reflective and Experiential Self-Knowledge Scales (N. Ghorbani, M. N. Bing, P. J. Watson, H. R. Davison, & D. L. Lebreton, 2003), and additional sample-specific measures to 3 separate groups of university students in each society. The Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale displayed internal reliability and measurement equivalence, along with convergent, criterion, discriminant, and incremental validity. This new instrument may be useful in promoting cross-cultural research in positive psychology.

Shame and Guilt: Relationships of Test of Self-Conscious Affect Measures With Psychological Adjustment and Gender Differences in Iran

“…Islamic philosophy identifies self-knowledge and self-control as critical in personal efforts to achieve the Muslim moral ideal (Motahharī, 2000;Shimamoto, 2008), and measures of these psychological processes do indeed predict higher levels of adjustment and sincere religious commitments in Iran (e.g., Ghorbani, Watson, Rezazadeh, & Cunningham, 2011). In the present project, Iranian university students, therefore, responded to the Self-Control Scale (Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004) and to three measures assessing various aspects of self-knowledge: the Integrative Self-Knowledge (Ghorbani, Watson, & Hargis, 2008), Mindfulness (Brown & Ryan, 2003), and Reflection (Trapnell & Campbell, 1999) scales.…”

“…Development of a Persian Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale occurred during scale development procedures (Ghorbani et al, 2008). For all other measures, one individual translated the scale expressed in English into Persian, and then another translated the Persian back into English.…”

Muslim Work Ethics: Relationships with Religious Orientations and the “Perfect Man” (Ensān-e Kāmel) in Managers and Staff in Iran

“…The basic idea is that self-insight combined with self-control should help purify the Muslim self and bring it into a closer connection with God, who according to the Qur'an is always closer to an individual than "his jugular vein" (50:16: (Ali 1993)). Studies using integrative self-knowledge (Ghorbani et al 2008) and self-control (Tangney et al 2004) scales have confirmed the relevance of this "perfect man" for understanding Iranian religious adjustment (Ghorbani et al 2011;Ghorbani et al 2016b). Weber, incidentally, also linked the Protestant work ethic with a "systematic self-control" (Weber [1920] 1996, p. 115) that required self-knowledge.…”

“…The integrative self-knowledge measure included 12 statements that reflected attempts of an individual to make sense out of past, present, and desired future self-experience (Ghorbani et al 2008; α = 0.75, M = 3.25, SD = 0.70). A representative item said, "If I need to, I can reflect about myself and clearly understand the feelings and attitudes behind my past behaviors.…”

Bilgece Farkındalık ve Duygu Düzenleme Becerisinin İş Tatminine Etkisi - Impacts of Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation Skills on Job Satisfaction

“…In this study, Job Satisfaction Scale (Şahin and Durak, 1994), Emotion Regulation Scale (Gross and John, 2003), Toronto Mindfulness Scale (Toronto MS), (Lau et al, 2006), Integrative Self Knowledge Scale (Ghorbani, Watson and Hargis, 2008) and Personal Information Form were used. Ulaşan Özgüle (2011) adapted Emotion Regulation Scale to Tuskish Culture.…”