Integration of supercapacitors into printed circuit boards

Abouelamaiem, Dina Ibrahim; Rasha, Lara; He, Guanjie; Neville, Tobias P.; Millichamp, Jason; Mason, Tom; Sobrido, Ana Jorge; Parkin, Ivan P.; Titirici, Maria‐Magdalena; Wang, Rongfang; Ji, Shan; Shearing, Paul R.; Brett, Dan J. L.

doi:10.1016/j.est.2018.06.016

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…From Figure 2 it can be seen that the capacitance of the SC module decreases with increased charging current and is consistent with the findings presented in the literature [24][25][26]. The impact of this change in the capacitance is that the energy stored in the SC cannot be determined solely from the voltage of the SC module.…”

Section: Charging Capacitancesupporting

confidence: 88%

“…It was however decided that a summation approach would be used to maintain consistency between these and the regenerative braking tests; the reason for this becomes apparent in the regenerative braking tests where the charging current under such conditions is variable. From Figure 2 it can be seen that the capacitance of the SC module decreases with increased charging current and is consistent with the findings presented in the literature [24][25][26]. The impact of this change in the capacitance is that the energy stored in the SC cannot be determined solely from the voltage of the SC module.…”

Section: Charging Capacitancesupporting

confidence: 88%

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The Role of Supercapacitors in Regenerative Braking Systems

Partridge

Abouelamaimen

2019

Energies

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A supercapacitor module was used as the energy storage system in a regenerative braking test rig to explore the opportunities and challenges of implementing supercapacitors for regenerative braking in an electric drivetrain. Supercapacitors are considered due to their excellent power density and cycling characteristics; however, the performance under regenerative braking conditions has not been well explored. Initially the characteristics of the supercapacitor module were tested, it is well known that the capacitance of a supercapacitor is highly dependent on the charge/discharge rate with a drop of up to 9% found here between the rated capacitance and the calculated value at a 100 A charge rate. It was found that the drop in capacitance was significantly reduced when a variable charge rate, representative of a regenerative braking test, was applied. It was also found that although supercapacitors have high power absorbing characteristics, the state-of-charge significantly impacts on the charging current and the power absorbing capacity of a supercapacitor-based regenerative braking system. This owed primarily to the current carrying capacity of the power electronic converters required to control the charge and discharge of the supercapacitor module and was found to be a fundamental limitation to the utilisation of supercapacitors in a regenerative braking system. In the worst cases this was found to impact upon the ability of the motor to apply the desired braking torque. Over the course of the tests carried out the overall efficiency was found to be up to 68%; however, the main source of loss was the motor. It was found that measurement of the state-of-charge using the rated capacitance significantly over-estimates the efficiency of the system.

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Section: Charging Capacitancesupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Charging Capacitancesupporting

confidence: 88%

The Role of Supercapacitors in Regenerative Braking Systems

Partridge

Abouelamaimen

2019

Energies

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“…3 c. The calculated BET specific surface area for GP10C (0.9869 m 2 /g) is found more than 4 times higher than that of rGO film (0.2229 m 2 /g). The higher specific surface area predicts the availability of more interfacial area between the electrolytic ions and the electrode active material and might provide better electrochemical performance [38]. The higher specific surface area can be attributed to the MWCNTs sandwiched between rGO layers, which prevent the restacking of rGO sheets upon applying external pressure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Free-Standing Flexible rGO/MWCNT Films for Symmetric Supercapacitor Application

Kumar

Sharma

et al. 2019

Nanoscale Res Lett

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Herein, we report a novel, simple, and cost-effective way to synthesize flexible and conductive rGO and rGO/MWCNT freestanding films. The effects of MWCNT addition on the electrochemical performance of rGO/MWCNT nanocomposite films are investigated in some strong base aqueous electrolytes, such as KOH, LiOH, and NaOH via three-electrode system. The supercapacitor behavior of the films is probed via cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charging-discharging, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The structural and morphological studies of the films are performed by X-ray diffractometer, Raman spectrometer, surface area analyzer, thermogravimetric analysis, field emission scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The rGO/MWCNT film synthesized with 10 wt% MWCNTs (GP10C) exhibits high specific capacitance of 200 Fg −1 , excellent cyclic stability with 92% retention after 15,000 long cycle test, small relaxation time constant (~ 194 ms), and high diffusion coefficient (7.8457 × 10 −9 cm 2 s −1 ) in 2 M KOH electrolyte. Furthermore, the symmetric supercapacitor coin cell with GP10C as both anode and cathode using 2 M KOH as electrolyte demonstrates high energy density of 29.4 Whkg −1 and power density of 439 Wkg −1 at current density 0.1 Ag −1 and good cyclic stability with 85% retention of the initial capacitance at 0.3 Ag −1 after 10,000 cycles. Such a high performance of the GP10C film in the supercapacitor can be ascribed to the large surface area and small hydration sphere radius and high ionic conductivity of K + cations in KOH electrolyte.

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“…Previous development of neutral pH polymer electrolytes relied on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as the polymer host, but there is potential incompatibility between sulfate salts and PVA that might implicate their long‐term stability. Although Li 2 SO 4 −PVA and Na 2 SO 4 −PVA have been adapted for solid‐state ECs, their ionic conductivities and long‐term performance stability are still unclear. Polyacrylamide (PAM) can be a good polymer host for its amorphous structure, high water solubility, ability to form mechanically good film, and good stability in wide‐range of pH conditions .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Na₂SO₄‐Polyacrylamide Electrolytes and Enabled Solid‐State Electrochemical Capacitors

Virya

Abella

Grindal

et al. 2019

Batteries & Supercaps

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A highly ionic-conductive and high-performance neutral pH polymer electrolyte comprises of Na 2 SO 4 and polyacrylamide (PAM) was developed for solid electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). Na 2 SO 4 was compared with Li 2 SO 4 baseline in liquid electrolyte and exhibited higher ionic conductivity and identical stability window. Na 2 SO 4 À PAM electrolytes were optimized by varying their salt-to-polymer ratio. While all compositions show excellent stability for over 30-day tracking period, an ionic conductivity of ca. 30 mS cm À 1 was attained at 10,000 : 1 molar ratio of Na 2 SO 4 :PAM, among the highest reported for neutral pH polymer electrolytes. Raman spectroscopy verified that the electrolyte maintained well-hydrated ions throughout the 30 days monitoring period. Solid EDLCs were constructed using activated carbon electrodes and Na 2 SO 4 À PAM electrolyte. They exhibited a wide 1.9 V operating window at 50 mV s À 1 CV scan rate, with comparable capacitance to its liquid baseline. The solid EDLCs outperformed many symmetric devices in terms of energy and power densities. They also displayed good rate capability (up to 500 mV s À 1 ) and excellent cycle life (> 8,000 cycles).

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Integration of supercapacitors into printed circuit boards

Cited by 16 publications

References 54 publications

The Role of Supercapacitors in Regenerative Braking Systems

The Role of Supercapacitors in Regenerative Braking Systems

Synthesis of Free-Standing Flexible rGO/MWCNT Films for Symmetric Supercapacitor Application

Na₂SO₄‐Polyacrylamide Electrolytes and Enabled Solid‐State Electrochemical Capacitors

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Integration of supercapacitors into printed circuit boards

Cited by 16 publications

References 54 publications

The Role of Supercapacitors in Regenerative Braking Systems

The Role of Supercapacitors in Regenerative Braking Systems

Synthesis of Free-Standing Flexible rGO/MWCNT Films for Symmetric Supercapacitor Application

Na2SO4‐Polyacrylamide Electrolytes and Enabled Solid‐State Electrochemical Capacitors

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Product

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Na₂SO₄‐Polyacrylamide Electrolytes and Enabled Solid‐State Electrochemical Capacitors