Integration of Solid-phase Extraction with Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for Determination of Trace Elements

Abstract

An enrichment step in a sample treatment is essential for trace analysis to improve the sensitivity and to eliminate the matrix of the sample. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is one of the widely used enrichment technique. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) is a well-established determination technique for trace elements. The integration of SPE with ETAAS leads to further improvement of sensitivity, an automation of the measurement and the economy in the sample size, amounts of the reagents and time for the sample pretreatment. The integration is achieved by introducing the solid phase used for the enrichment directly into ETAAS for a batch method, or on-line coupling of a SPE column with ETAAS. Fine particles of various materials, including an activated carbon, an ion-exchange resin, a cellulose nitrate resin and biomass materials were used as adsorbents for batch method. A membrane filter was also used. A simultaneous multi-elements extraction and a speciation analysis were accomplished. A microcolumn packed with resin beads or an open tubular column such as a PTFE tube or a silica capillary tube having the chemically modified inner wall were used for the on-line coupling.

Micro‐Column Separation/Pre‐Concentration Combined with Fluorinating Electrothermal Vaporisation‐Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Trace Refractory Elements in Seawater, Soil and Sediment

“…Various solid phase adsorbents including C 18 -bonded silica gel (Starvin et al 2004), organic chelating resin (Unsworth et al 2001), ac tivated carbon (Nukatsuka and Ohzeki 2006), activated oxide (Pu et al 2004), thermally-modified kaolinite (Afzali et al 2005) and zeolite (Mostafavi et al 2006) have been proposed for this technology. Various solid phase adsorbents including C 18 -bonded silica gel (Starvin et al 2004), organic chelating resin (Unsworth et al 2001), ac tivated carbon (Nukatsuka and Ohzeki 2006), activated oxide (Pu et al 2004), thermally-modified kaolinite (Afzali et al 2005) and zeolite (Mostafavi et al 2006) have been proposed for this technology.…”

“…It should be noted that the investigation of adsorbents plays a key role in the development of SPE. Various solid phase adsorbents including C 18 -bonded silica gel (Starvin et al 2004), organic chelating resin (Unsworth et al 2001), ac tivated carbon (Nukatsuka and Ohzeki 2006), activated oxide (Pu et al 2004), thermally-modified kaolinite (Afzali et al 2005) and zeolite (Mostafavi et al 2006) have been proposed for this technology. In our previous work, an adsorbent of N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine (BPHA) loaded on microcrystalline naphthalene was prepared for the speciation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) (Xiong et al 2006).…”

Preparation of Open Tubular Solid-Phase Extraction Column with 5-Amino-8-hydroxyquinoline-modified Gold Nanoparticle Phase for the Enrichment of Heavy Metal Ions

“…1 The methods in which the small volume of eluent or resin slurry from a packed column or a renewable column are directly injected into the ETAAS are well established, and many applications have been reported. [2][3][4] However, there is a danger of column plugging, and the small amounts of sorbent sometime lead to a low efficiency for the extraction.…”

Determination of Cadmium in Water Samples by Liquid Electrode Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry after Solid Phase Extraction Using a Mini Cartridge Packed with Chelate Resin Immobilizing Carboxymethylated Pentaethylenehexamine

“…Among various techniques reported so far, solid phase extraction is conveniently utilized for separation/preconcentration of trace elements in various samples. [10][11][12][13] In LEP-AES determination, only the solid phase extraction using Meta SEP AnaLig PB-01 was applied to the separation/preconcentration of lead in the soil-extracted solution. 9 We previously reported that a chelate resin immobilizing carboxymethylated pentaethylenehexamine (CM-PEHA resin) is excellent for separation/preconcentration of trace elements in water samples.…”