“…In EMs, an alliance of consumers could surpass dimension limitations and directly buy electricity in the pool market or increase its negotiation power, achieving better electricity tariffs while negotiating with retailers. The literature contains a richness of approaches about the aggregation of electricity players [38], giving special attention to production issues, with works about Virtual Power Plants [39,40], Virtual Power Producers [41], and Virtual Renewable Power Plants [42,43]. Concerning consumers, the literature has some references about aggregating and managing consumers [44][45][46] and their effects [47,48] with special emphasis to prosumers [49][50][51], the aggregator agent [52], to the VPP concept [30,53], as well as to CECs [12], consumer coalitions and alliances [22][23][24][54][55][56][57][58][59][60].…”