Integration of Multiplied Omics, a Step Forward in Systematic Dairy Research

Abstract

Due to their unique multi-gastric digestion system highly adapted for rumination, dairy livestock has complicated physiology different from monogastric animals. However, the microbiome-based mechanism of the digestion system is congenial for biology approaches. Different omics and their integration have been widely applied in the dairy sciences since the previous decade for investigating their physiology, pathology, and the development of feed and management protocols. The rumen microbiome can digest dietary components into utilizable sugars, proteins, and volatile fatty acids, contributing to the energy intake and feed efficiency of dairy animals, which has become one target of the basis for omics applications in dairy science. Rumen, liver, and mammary gland are also frequently targeted in omics because of their crucial impact on dairy animals’ energy metabolism, production performance, and health status. The application of omics has made outstanding contributions to a more profound understanding of the physiology, etiology, and optimizing the management strategy of dairy animals, while the multi-omics method could draw information of different levels and organs together, providing an unprecedented broad scope on traits of dairy animals. This article reviewed recent omics and multi-omics researches on physiology, feeding, and pathology on dairy animals and also performed the potential of multi-omics on systematic dairy research.

Maladaptation to the transition period and consequences on fertility of dairy cows

“…Omics technology such as transcriptomics, lipidomics, proteomics, and metabolomics gives an insight into how genes collectively work for a specific biological function (Zhu et al, 2022). Using this approach, we can get a broader picture of how metabolic and inflammatory adaptations in the transition period affect the oocyte and embryo in its environment.…”

Inflammatory response in dairy cows caused by heat stress and biological mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis

“…Hence, these microbes secrete metabolites, neurotransmitters, through the gutbrain axis and may regulate the release of cytokines and chemokines, which is activated by the HPA axis under heat stress conditions [9,44]. The association between metabolites, genes, and microorganisms has been studied to discover interactive relationships at a wide level, and determining their relationships could possibly contribute to understanding interactive mechanisms at the metabolome, transcriptome, and microbiome levels [45][46][47][48][49]. The objective of this study was to investigate the biological changes induced by interactive relationships among metabolites, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and abundant microbes under heat stress conditions in dairy cattle.…”

1H-NMR-Based Plasma Metabolomic Profiling of Crossbred Beef Cattle with Divergent RFI Phenotype

“…Metabolites, particularly of amino acids or their derivatives, including creatine, methionine, choro-lysine, and urea, have been reported to be associated with RFI phenotypes in several studies [3,12,13]. These earlier studies were focused on identifying the differentially abundant metabolites in beef cattle with divergent RFI values and consequently identifying potential biomarkers for RFI without exploring further mathematical modeling techniques capable of confirming the predictive capabilities of these blood-based signatures [14][15][16][17]. This highlights the importance of appropriate screening by combining metabolomics approaches and other analytical techniques in elucidating and identifying blood markers.…”