Integration of Metal–Organic Polyhedra onto a Nanophotonic Sensor for Real-Time Detection of Nitrogenous Organic Pollutants in Water

Abstract

The grave health and environmental consequences of water pollution demand new tools, including new sensing technologies, for the immediate detection of contaminants in situ. Herein, we report the integration of metal−organic cages or polyhedra (MOCs/MOPs) within a nanophotonic sensor for the rapid, direct, and realtime detection of small (<500 Da) pollutant molecules in water. The sensor, a bimodal waveguide silicon interferometer incorporating Rh(II)-based MOPs as specific chemical receptors, does not require sample pretreatment and enables minimal expenditure of time and reagents. We validated our sensor for the detection of two common pollutants: the industrial corrosion inhibitor 1,2,3-benzotriazole (BTA) and the systemic insecticide imidacloprid (IMD). The sensor offers a fast time-to-result response (15 min), high sensitivity, and high accuracy. The limit of detection (LOD) in tap water for BTA is 0.068 μg/mL and for IMD, 0.107 μg/mL, both of which are below the corresponding toxicity thresholds defined by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). By combining innovative chemical molecular receptors such as MOPs with state-of-the-art photonic sensing technologies, our research opens the path to implement competitive sensor devices for in situ environmental monitoring.