Integration of electrokinetics and chemical oxidation for the remediation of creosote-contaminated clay

Isosaari, Pirjo; Piskonen, Reetta; Ojala, P.; Voipio, S.; Eilola, K.; Lehmus, Eila; Itävaara, Merja

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.068

Cited by 88 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…Several researchers have investigated potential applicability of electrokinetic remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic compounds (Acar et al 1995;Page and Page 2002;Sawada et al 2004;Amrate et al 2005;Ribeiro et al 2005;Deng and Jennings 2006;Niqui-Arroyo and Ortega-Calvo 2007;Isosaari et al 2007). A comprehensive electrokinetic research program has been in place at the University of Illinois at Chicago since 1993.…”

Section: Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical Challenges to In-situ Remediation of Polluted Sites

Reddy

2008

Geotech Geol Eng

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Throughout the world, subsurface contamination has become a widespread and pervasive problem. Toxic chemicals such as heavy metals and organic compounds are commonly used in a myriad of industries. However, largely through inadvertent or accidental release, these chemicals are presently polluting sites across the United States. In order to protect public health and the environment, further pollution must be prevented and sites with existing contamination urgently need remediation. Unfortunately, remediating subsurface contamination has proved to be a daunting task. Heavy metals and organic compounds often coexist and their distribution within the subsurface is highly dependent on particle and macro-scale heterogeneities. Vast resources have been invested to develop efficient remediation technologies, yet very few of these technologies have been successful. In-situ remediation is often preferred due to minimal site disturbance, safety, simplicity, and costeffectiveness. The effectiveness of in-situ remediation technologies depends largely on the contaminant chemistry and subsurface heterogeneities (including particle-scale heterogeneities such as fine-grained soils, soils with reactive minerals, and/or soils rich in organic matter as well as macro-scale heterogeneities such as irregular soil layers and/or lenses). Under such heterogeneous conditions, integrated electrokinetic remediation technology has great potential. As a safe and economical remedial option for so many contaminated sites, the application of integrated electrokinetic remediation offers enormous public health, environmental, and financial benefits.

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Section: Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical Challenges to In-situ Remediation of Polluted Sites

Reddy

2008

Geotech Geol Eng

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“…for chemical oxidation-based remediation, the possibility of reducing interferences exerted by natural organic matter or other organic pollutants should be investigated; PCB and TPH spot analyses on the treated sediments resulted in abatements up to 45% and 95%, respectively, suggesting the consumption of the reagents also due to these compounds; 2. for PAH removal by electrokinetics, a deeper investigation on the role of the L/S ratio should be carried out; other kinds of surfactants, with lower viscosities and higher dielectric constants could also be tested; 3. for metal removal by electrokinetics, the performance might be optimized by preventing EDTA oxidation in the anodic zone and reducing the EDTA amount along the cell; this could be attained using an EDTA solution as the catholyte and an inorganic salt solution as the anolyte (Reddy et al 2004;Wong et al 1997); and 4. for electrooxidation, the possibility to improve contaminant removal by adding Fenton's catalysts to the sediments should be investigated, as well as the combined use of electrooxidation and of electrokinetically enhanced chemical oxidation (Yang and Liu 2001;Kim et al 2005;Isosaari et al 2007). …”

Section: Recommendations and Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides the electrokinetic phenomena, the electric field can induce oxidation reactions and water electrolysis, providing the partners for redox reactions. Hydrogen peroxide can be electrochemically generated as a result of these reactions (Isosaari et al 2007;Liu et al 2007;Zheng et al 2007). Once hydrogen peroxide has been produced, the natural soil iron content can catalyze H 2 O 2 decomposition into hydroxyl radicals, which are strong nonselective oxidizing agents capable of degrading a variety of organic pollutants (Flotron et al 2005;Watts et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lab-scale feasibility tests for sediment treatment using different physico-chemical techniques

et al. 2009

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The fairly high amounts of sediments dredged in coastal or internal water bodies for navigational and/or environmental purposes claims for the identification of appropriate management strategies. Dredged sediments are frequently affected by organic and inorganic contamination, so that their reuse, as an alternative to final landfill disposal, could need remediation. In this framework, a two-year joint research project was carried out to assess the feasibility of different remediation technologies for the treatment of polluted sediments. The sediment used in this study was similar in composition and contaminant loading to many sediments around the world. It was dredged from the northern canal of the Porto Marghera industrial area (Venice, Italy) and it was homogenized and characterized for the physical properties and chemical composition. The material was found to exceed the regulatory limits established for the reuse of dredged materials in the Venice lagoon for a wide range of pollutants, but this study specifically focused on heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Homogeneous samples were subjected to a number of physico-chemical remediation techniques including chemical oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, and electrokinetics under different operating conditions. The treated material was characterized for the residual contaminants in order to determine the remediation efficiency. The treatments investigated produced a variety of effects in terms of removal of heavy metals and PAHs. For total PAHs, the best results were obtained using H2O2 only as the oxidizing agent (45% removal), and chemically + thermally activated persulfate (up to 72% removal). The kinetics of these chemical oxidation processes was rapid and almost complete in a few hours. Electrooxidation produced up to 44% of total PAHs degradation, whereas no appreciable PAH removal was attained by the electrokinetic treatment. Metal extraction by means of electrokinetics was the highest when both the anodic and the cathodic chambers were conditioned with the complexing agent ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). The following removal yields were obtained: 81% for As, 69% for Cr, 40% for Cu, 33% for Pb, and 22% for Zn. The modified Fenton-like reactants were not capable of improving the PAH removal compared to the conventional H2O2-based oxidation process; as a consequence, the latter should be suggested. Comparable PAH removals were obtained using the electrooxidation treatment, whereas the activated persulfate treatment exhibited the highest removal efficiency. Electrokinetics was found to be effective towards heavy metal mobilization only when the process was enhanced by EDTA. Specific modifications should be applied to the electrokinetics treatment to enhance the PAH remediation yield, such as enhancement of the electroosmotic flow in order to achieve a higher liquid to solid ratio; for metals, performance might be optimized by using an EDTA solution as the catholyte and an inorganic salt solution as the anolyte. For all the t...

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“…Studies in the literature show that persulfate oxidation is a very effective remediation method for the removal of PAHs. Isosaari et al (2007) studied on remediation of creosotecontaminated clay by integration of electrokinetics and chemical oxidation. According to their results, electrokinetically enhanced oxidation with sodium persulfate resulted in better PAH removal (35%) than either electrokinetics (24%) or persulfate oxidation (12%) alone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Destruction of PCB 44 in Spiked Subsurface Soils Using Activated Persulfate Oxidation

Yükselen-Aksoy

Khodadoust

Reddy

2009

Water Air Soil Pollut

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The effectiveness of persulfate oxidation for the destruction of tetrachlorobiphenyl a representative polychlorobiphenyl (PCB), in spiked subsurface soils was evaluated in this study. Kaolin and glacial till soils were selected as representative low permeability soils; both soils were spiked with 50 mg PCB per dry kilogram of soil. Activation of persulfate oxidation was necessary to achieve effective destruction of PCBs in soils. As persulfate oxidation activators, temperature and high pH were used in order to maximize PCB destruction. In addition, the effect of oxidant dose and reaction time was investigated. The optimal dose for persulfate was found to be 30% for maximum oxidation. The persulfate activation with temperature of 45°C was superior to persulfate activation with high pH (pH 12), where higher PCB destructions were observed for kaolin and glacial till soils. PCB destruction increased with reaction time, where maximum degradation was achieved after 7 days. The highest PCB destruction was achieved with temperature activation at 45°C using a dosage of 30% persulfate at pH 12 for kaolin and glacial till soils after 7 days.

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Integration of electrokinetics and chemical oxidation for the remediation of creosote-contaminated clay

Cited by 88 publications

References 40 publications

Technical Challenges to In-situ Remediation of Polluted Sites

Technical Challenges to In-situ Remediation of Polluted Sites

Lab-scale feasibility tests for sediment treatment using different physico-chemical techniques

Destruction of PCB 44 in Spiked Subsurface Soils Using Activated Persulfate Oxidation

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