Integration in Latin America – Trends and Challenges

Baumann, Renato

doi:10.4337/9781849809153.00013

Cited by 5 publications

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“…Pada mulanya Cuba dan Venezuela memprakasai kerja sama regional alternativa Bolivariana Para Las Americas atau Agreement for the Application of the Bolivarian Alternative of the Americas and the People's Trade Agreements, yang disingkat ALBA. Pendeklarasian ALBA pada tangaal 28 April 2004 di Havana, Cuba (Baumann, 2008). Dalam mewujudkan kepentingan nasional, sebagai dasar dalam berasumsi adalah adanya tendensi setiap negara untuk mempergunakan sistem atau organisasi internasional.…”

Section: Hasil Dan Pembahasan 1 Integrasi Ekonomi Politik Sebagai Kat...unclassified

Globalisasi Mengubah Konsep Negara, Teritori, Kedaulatan : Integrasi ALBA sebagai Sovereignty Counter-Balance

Andike

Susanto

2022

Ganaya

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Globalization as a dynamic process has contributed to change and downgrade the power of. Most state experience various development regarding cross-border interaction, such as in economy, politics, and culture. Although the Westphalia Treaty of 1648 was a turning point where loyalty of people must be given to the state, yet it is shown that the power of state does no longer exist as the only political power. Venezuela’s Populist economic policies under Nicolas Maduro considered as failed-state management which lead the country reaching equitable welfare. Regarding Venezuela from the start in the ALBA (the Bolivarian Alliance for the peoples of our America), it has been able to help a little compilation of this country to improve the crisis, asking that the ALBA here try to be seen as " Sovereignty Counter-Balance". Domestic problems that continue to make the Venezuelan exodus abroad. This national crisis and massive migration have had international implications. And the countries that have helped overcome this are Ecuador and Colombia. This paper examines the interrelationship between the causes of the Venezuelan crisis and its consequences, as well as the reactions of other countries. In this paper the author analyzes and explains the link between the Venezuelan crisis and its effects, as well as the reactions, attitudes and role of neighboring countries in this case Ecuador and Colombia. The purpose of this study was to find out how ALBA was able to maintain the harmony and position of domestic interdependence by not eliminating the existence and authority of member states. This writing uses qualitative descriptive methods with data collection using literature studies. After reviewing, analyzing some literature concluded that ALBA can be a catalyst for Latin America to strengthen relations and unite views in the face of such dynamic global problems.

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Section: Hasil Dan Pembahasan 1 Integrasi Ekonomi Politik Sebagai Kat...unclassified

Globalisasi Mengubah Konsep Negara, Teritori, Kedaulatan : Integrasi ALBA sebagai Sovereignty Counter-Balance

Andike

Susanto

2022

Ganaya

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“…In that sense, a good model would be for the EU to proclaim a certain type of integration in this region, which would include Turkey in addition to the existing countries/regions. These integrations could be similar to MERCOSUR of South America (Baumann, 2008), but in this case, any kind of institutional connection should be rewarded by the EU in the form of investments and benefits that the Middle East countries would receive for cooperation with the EU. Therefore, through integrations, a certain level of standards that should be met would be proclaimed, and for each level of standards fulfillment, benefits would be realized in cooperation with the EU.…”

Section: Teodora Stankovićmentioning

confidence: 99%

Middle East Conflicts with a Comprehensive Approach Toward Stability and Sustainable Cooperation

Stanković

2022

Pannoniana (Online)

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In this paper, two major ethnic conflicts in the Middle East region are considered, namely, the Kurdish issue in Iraq and Syria, as well as recent conflicts in Syria. Three main theoretical perspectives on identity divides and conflicts are discussed in the context of the Middle East region. The considered conflicts are then analyzed separately, giving a brief overview of the main sources of conflicts in the ethnic context, including the influence of international factors and the current situation on the global scene. A comprehensive strategy for regional socio-economic integration is proposed with possible directions for establishing sustainable peace and stability in the Middle East region. The aim is to interconnect the particular directions toward a unified regional integration approach for solving the problems which cause significant instability in this region. The solution needs to be obtained by combining an appropriate external factor influence and mediation fostering regional cooperation with the forms of institutional engineering. Based on the theoretical and extensive empirical analysis, the European Union is chosen as an external factor having a great capacity and multiple interests in providing stability which will lead to the collaboration with this region.

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“…Castro (2015) questions whether integration in LAC is emancipatory or an expression of neocolonialism. The reasons for regional integration in LAC cited by Bauman (2011) remain valid; they include expanding market access, absorbing gains from scale, fostering the provision of regional public goods, improving competition in the domestic market by reducing oligopolistic gains, improving negotiating capacity in international forums, complementing the domestic supply of basic inputs such as energy and water, reducing bilateral exchange rate imbalances, and improving the attractiveness for potential foreign investors (Bauman, 2011).…”

Section: Latin American Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Diplomacy in the Political Process of Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean

Buss¹,

Tobar²

2018

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Global Public Health

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The construction of the concepts of diplomacy and health diplomacy must consider their conceptions and practices, at both the global and regional levels. Health diplomacy is vitally important in a global context, where health problems cross national borders and more new stakeholders appear every day, both within and outside the health sector. On the other hand, regional integration processes provide excellent opportunities for collective actions and solutions to many of the health challenges at the global level. In the current global context, the best conditions for dealing with many health challenges are found at the global level, but the regional and subregional spheres also play essential roles. The region of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) consists of 26 countries or territories that occupy a territory of 7,412,000 square miles—almost 13% of the Earth’s land surface area; it extends from Mexico to Patagonia, where about 621 million people live (as of 2015), distributed among different ethnic groups. Geographically, it is divided into Mexico and Central America, the Caribbean, and South America, but it presents subregions with populations and cultures that are a little more homogenous, like the subregions of the Andes and the English Caribbean. By its characteristics, LAC has acquired increasing global political and economic importance. In the 1960s, integration processes began in the region, including the creation of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), Mercosur, the Andean Community, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the Central American System, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA), the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO), the Sistema Económico Latinoamericano y del Caribe (SELA), the Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración (ALADI), and finally, since 2010, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños, or CELAC), which is the most comprehensive integrative organization. While originally a mechanism for political and economic integration, health is now an important component of all the abovementioned integration processes, with growing social, political, and economic importance in each country and in the region, currently integrating the most important regional and global negotiations. Joint protection against endemic diseases and epidemics, as well as noncommunicable diseases, coordination of border health care, joint action on the international scene (particularly in multilateral organizations such as the United Nations and its main agencies), and the sectoral economic importance of health are among the main situations and initiatives related to health diplomacy in these integration processes. The effectiveness of integration actions—and health within those actions—varies according to the political orientations of the national governments in each conjuncture, amplifying or reducing the spectrum of activities performed. The complexity of both the present and future of this rich political process of regional health diplomacy is also very important for global health governance (GHG).

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Integration in Latin America – Trends and Challenges

Abstract: The views expressed in this work are those o f the author and do not necessarily correspond to the official position o f the institutions involved.

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Globalisasi Mengubah Konsep Negara, Teritori, Kedaulatan : Integrasi ALBA sebagai Sovereignty Counter-Balance

Globalisasi Mengubah Konsep Negara, Teritori, Kedaulatan : Integrasi ALBA sebagai Sovereignty Counter-Balance

Middle East Conflicts with a Comprehensive Approach Toward Stability and Sustainable Cooperation

Health Diplomacy in the Political Process of Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean

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