Integration between the face and the mandible of Pongo and the evolution of the craniofacial morphology of orangutans

Abstract

Changes in important functions may play a part in these modifications of craniofacial integration. This study underlines the importance of the mandible and of the mandibular functions in the development of the unique craniofacial features of Pongo.

Morphological integration of the cranium in Homo, Pan, and Hylobates and the evolution of hominoid facial structures

“…Thus, a pooled within-taxon and sex multivariate regression of Procrustes coordinates (dependent variables) on the logarithm of centroid size (Log CS; independent variables; Monteiro, 1999) was computed for each block to assess the impact of size-correlated shape changes. PLS has been shown to be suitable for the study of covariation between two sets, or blocks, of variables in several groups (Bastir et al, 2010;Bookstein et al, 2003;Neaux, Gilissen, Coudyzer, & Guy, 2015;Rohlf & Corti, 2000;Singh et al, 2012). PLS has been shown to be suitable for the study of covariation between two sets, or blocks, of variables in several groups (Bastir et al, 2010;Bookstein et al, 2003;Neaux, Gilissen, Coudyzer, & Guy, 2015;Rohlf & Corti, 2000;Singh et al, 2012).…”

“…Following previous studies, the integration patterns were assessed by examining the general orientation of the distribution of each species on the PLS scores (Bastir et al, 2010;Mitteroecker & Bookstein, 2008;Neaux et al, 2015;Singh et al, 2012). Indeed, in PLS analysis both sets are treated symmetrically.…”

“…As one of the pairwise comparisons showed differences, coefficients of determination (R 2 ) were computed to determine the strength of the correlation for each species along the PLS scores(Neaux et al, 2015). As one of the pairwise comparisons showed differences, coefficients of determination (R 2 ) were computed to determine the strength of the correlation for each species along the PLS scores(Neaux et al, 2015).…”

On the comparison of the strength of morphological integration across morphometric datasets

“…; Neaux et al. ). However, for such comparisons to be meaningful requires that the evaluated test measures are unaffected by other attributes of the data.…”

“…Recently, there has been increased interest in understanding the extent to which patterns of morphological integration are consistent across levels of biological organization, and whether levels of integration change over evolutionary time (Armbruster et al 2014;Goswami et al 2014;Klingenberg 2014). To this end, researchers have characterized levels of integration across traits and species using one or more of the methods mentioned above for subsequent qualitative or quantitative comparison (for recent examples see: Drake and Klingenberg 2010;Goswami et al 2014;Lazic et al 2015;Martin-Serra et al 2015;Neaux et al 2015). However, for such comparisons to be meaningful requires that the evaluated test measures are unaffected by other attributes of the data.…”