Integrating ontogeny and ontogenetic dependency into community assembly

Abstract

Many studies of community assembly focus on a single ontogenetic stage (typically adults) when trying to infer assembly processes from patterns of biodiversity. This focus ignores the finding that assembly mechanisms may strongly differ between life‐stages, and the role of ontogenetic dependency: the mechanisms by which one life stage directly affects the composition of another life stage. Within a 4‐ha forest dynamics plot in California USA, we explored how the relative importance of multiple assembly processes shifts across life stages and assessed ontogenetic dependency of seedlings on adults in woody plant communities. To assess variation in assembly processes across life stages, we examined how β‐diversity of adult and seedling communities were each influenced by space and 13 environmental variables (soils, topography) using distance‐based redundancy analysis and variation partitioning. We then assessed the ontogenetic dependency of seedlings on adults by including adult composition as a predictor in the seedling community variation partitioning. We found differences between adult and seedling composition. For the adults, we found 18 species including pines, oaks and manzanitas characteristic of this mid‐elevation forest. For seedlings, we found 11 species, and that oaks made up 75% of all seedlings while only making up 45% of all adults. Adult β‐diversity was primarily explained by space (44.0%) with environment only explaining 18.6% and 37.4% unexplained. In contrast, most of the explained variation in seedling β‐diversity was due to ontogenetic dependency alone (13.6% explained by adult composition) with 1.6% explained by space and the environment jointly, and 62.8% unexplained. Synthesis: Here, we describe a conceptual framework for integrating ontogeny more explicitly into community assembly research and demonstrate how different assembly processes structured adult and seedling β‐diversity in a temperate dry forest. While adult β‐diversity was largely driven by spatial processes, seedling β‐diversity was largely unexplained, with ontogenetic dependency comprising most of the explained variation. These patterns suggest that future assembly research should consider how assembly processes and their underlying mechanisms may shift with ontogeny, and that interactions between ontogenetic stages (ontogenetic dependency) are critical to consider when assessing variation in assembly processes.

How do sapling and adult demography explain beech predominance along environmental gradients in Central European forests?

“…5), which indicates that the environmental variation of seedling recruitment is better explained by variation of a species’ basal area than by the variation of seedling survival. The smaller effect observed in the environmental response of seedling and sapling rates aligns with the theory that the occurrence of a particular life stage is constrained by the presence of earlier life stages due to “demographic” or “ontogenetic dependency” (Heiland et al, 2022; Young et al, 2005; Ramachandran et al, 2023). Therefore, earlier tree life stages often have broader environmental distributions, as shown by Bertrand et al (2011); Zhu et al (2014); Mális et al (2016); Copenhaver-Parry et al (2020).…”