Integrating nitrogen fluxes at the European scale

Leip, Adrian; Achermann, Beat; Billen, Gilles; Bleeker, A.; Bouwman, Alexander F.; Vries, Wim de; Dragosits, U.; Döring, Ulrike; Fernall, Dave; Geupel, Markus; Herolstab, jurg; Johnes, Penny J; Gall, Anne-Christine Le; Monni, Suvi; Neveceral, Rostislav; Orlandini, Lorenzo; Prud’homme, Michel; Reuter, H. I.; Simpson, David; Seufert, G.; Spranger, Till; Sutton, Mark A.; Aardenne, J. van; Voß, Maren; Winiwarter, Wilfried

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511976988.019

Cited by 87 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…Estimated emissions of NH 3 in the United States increased by 91, 70 and 7% in the on-road, power plant and agricultural sectors, respectively, between 1990 and 2010 (Xing et al, 2013). Emissions of NH 3 from motor vehicles (Kean et al, 2009;Leip et al, 2011) and industrial stacks (Hertel et al, 2011;Li et al, 2017;Vallero, 2014) are largely a byproduct of stringent NO x control technologies. In many regions of the developed world, NO x emissions have steadily declined since around 1990 (Leip et al, 2011) while emissions of NH 3 have remained constant or increased slightly, such as in the United States where NH 3 emissions have increased by 11% (Bytnerowicz et al, 2016;Hertel et al, 2011;Xing et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Emissions of NH 3 from motor vehicles (Kean et al, 2009;Leip et al, 2011) and industrial stacks (Hertel et al, 2011;Li et al, 2017;Vallero, 2014) are largely a byproduct of stringent NO x control technologies. In many regions of the developed world, NO x emissions have steadily declined since around 1990 (Leip et al, 2011) while emissions of NH 3 have remained constant or increased slightly, such as in the United States where NH 3 emissions have increased by 11% (Bytnerowicz et al, 2016;Hertel et al, 2011;Xing et al, 2013). As a result, the proportion of N deposition in reduced forms in many areas of the developed world, has increased in recent years (Du et al, 2014;Hůnová et al, 2017;Li et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result of the introduction of more stringent standards for emissions of NO x and particulate matter in California, nationwide by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and in Europe (Hertel et al, 2011;Leip et al, 2011) heavy-duty vehicles now include a mix of natural gas engines with three-way catalytic converters and diesel engines equipped with selective catalytic reduction (SCR). In SCR, which is also used in light-duty diesel powered cars and fleet vehicles, aqueous urea is injected as a reductant for NO x control, resulting in production of NH 3 (Bishop and Stedman, 2015;Thiruvengadam et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On-road emissions of ammonia: An underappreciated source of atmospheric nitrogen deposition

Fenn

Bytnerowicz

Schilling

et al. 2018

Science of The Total Environment

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H I G H L I G H T S• This study documents the increasing importance of on-road emissions of NH 3.• NO x emissions control mechanisms frequently result in NH 3 production and emissions.• NH 3 is an important driver of N deposition in urban-affected areas and near roadways.• NH 4 -N:NO 3 -N ratios in urban deposition are indicative of elevated NH 3 emissions.• On-road NH 3 emissions exceed agricultural emissions where 40% of the U.S. resides. We provide updated spatial distribution and inventory data for on-road NH 3 emissions for the continental United States (U.S.) On-road NH 3 emissions were determined from on-road CO 2 emissions data and empirical NH 3 :CO 2 vehicle emissions ratios. Emissions of NH 3 from on-road sources in urbanized regions are typically 0.1-1.3 t km −2 yr −1 while NH 3 emissions in agricultural regions generally range from 0.4-5.5 t km G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o, with a few hotspots as high as 5.5-11.2 t km −2 yr −1. Counties with higher vehicle NH 3 emissions than from agriculture include 40% of the U.S. population. The amount of wet inorganic N deposition as NH 4 + from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) network ranged from 37 to 83% with a mean of 58.7%. Only 4% of the NADP sites across the U.S. had b45% of the N deposition as NH 4 + based on data from 2014 to 2016, illustrating the near-universal elevated proportions of NH 4 + in deposition across the U.S. Case studies of on-road NH 3 emissions in relation to N deposition include four urban sites in Oregon and Washington where the average NH 4 -N:NO 3 -N ratio in bulk deposition was 2.3. At urban sites in the greater Los Angeles Basin, bulk deposition of NH 4 -N and NO 3 -N were equivalent, while NH 4 -N:NO 3 -N in throughfall under shrubs ranged from 0.6 to 1.7. The NH 4 -N:NO 3 -N ratio at 7-10 sites in the Lake Tahoe Basin averaged 1.4 and 1.6 in bulk deposition and throughfall, and deposition of NH 4 -N was strongly correlated with summertime NH 3 concentrations. On-road

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On-road emissions of ammonia: An underappreciated source of atmospheric nitrogen deposition

Fenn

Bytnerowicz

Schilling

et al. 2018

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Since the end of the 19th century, the increased use of nitrogen for human and animal food production, as both synthetic fertilizer and organic manure, has increased N 2 O emissions. At present, approximately 65 % of anthropogenic emissions of N 2 O originate from soils on a global scale (Smith and Dobbie, 2001) and in Europe (Leip et al, 2011). But these estimates are still very uncertain and the N 2 O emissions are considered as the most uncertain estimate within the main direct GHG.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrous oxide emissions from crop rotations including wheat, oilseed rape and dry peas

et al. 2013

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Approximately 65% of anthropogenic emissions of N₂O, a potent greenhouse gas (GHG), originate from soils at a global scale, and particularly after N fertilisation of the main crops in Europe. Thanks to their capacity to fix atmospheric N₂ through biological fixation, legumes can reduce N fertilizer use, and possibly N₂O emissions. Nevertheless, the decomposition of crop organic matter during the crop cycle and residue decomposition, and possibly the N fixation process itself, could lead to N₂O emissions. The objective of this study was to quantify N₂O emissions from a dry pea crop (Pisum sativum, harvested at maturity) and from the subsequent crops in comparison with N₂O emissions from wheat and oilseed rape crops, fertilized or not, in various rotations. A field experiment was conducted over 4 consecutive years to compare the emissions during the pea crop, in comparison with those during the wheat (fertilized or not) or oilseed rape crops, and after the pea crop, in comparison with other preceding crops. N₂O fluxes were measured using static chambers. In spite of low N₂O fluxes, mainly due to the site's soil characteristics, fluxes during the crop were significantly lower for pea and unfertilized wheat than for fertilized wheat and oilseed rape. The effect of the preceding crop was not significant, while soil mineral N at harvest was higher after the pea crop. These results should be confirmed over a wider range of soil types. Nevertheless, they demonstrate the absence of N₂O emissions linked to the symbiotic N fixation process, and allow us to estimate the decrease in N₂O emissions by 20–25% through including one pea crop in a three-year rotation. On a larger scale, this reduction of GHG emissions at field level has to be added to the decrease due to the reduced production and transport of the N fertilizer not applied to the pea crop

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“…High fluxes occur in areas with a high intensity of animal husbandry, such as the Po Valley, northern Germany, the Netherlands and Bretagne, and hilly regions such as the Alps in southern Germany and northern Spain (see e.g. Leip et al, 2011a). Compared to other outputs, NH 3 emissions show a smaller spatial variation.…”

Section: Spatial Distribution Of Uncertainty At Ncu Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainties in model predictions of nitrogen fluxes from agro-ecosystems in Europe

et al. 2012

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Abstract.To assess the responses of nitrogen and greenhouse gas emissions to pan-European changes in land cover, land management and climate, an integrated dynamic model, INTEGRATOR, has been developed. This model includes both simple process-based descriptions and empirical relationships and uses detailed GIS-based environmental and farming data in combination with various downscaling methods. This paper analyses the propagation of uncertainties in model inputs and parameters to outputs of INTEGRA-TOR, using a Monte Carlo analysis. Uncertain model inputs and parameters were represented by probability distributions, while spatial correlation in these uncertainties was taken into account by assigning correlation coefficients at various spatial scales. The uncertainty propagation was analysed for the emissions of NH 3 , N 2 O and NO x , N leaching to groundwater and N runoff to surface water for the entire EU27 and for individual countries. Results show large uncertainties for N leaching and runoff (relative errors of ∼ 19 % for Europe as a whole), and smaller uncertainties for emission of N 2 O, NH 3 and NO x (relative errors of ∼ 12 %). Uncertainties for Europe as a whole were much smaller compared to uncertainties at country level, because errors partly cancelled out due to spatial aggregation.

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Integrating nitrogen fluxes at the European scale

Cited by 87 publications

References 55 publications

On-road emissions of ammonia: An underappreciated source of atmospheric nitrogen deposition

On-road emissions of ammonia: An underappreciated source of atmospheric nitrogen deposition

Nitrous oxide emissions from crop rotations including wheat, oilseed rape and dry peas

Uncertainties in model predictions of nitrogen fluxes from agro-ecosystems in Europe

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