“…Studies suggest that practical-oriented education strategies can improve learning outcomes in cybersecurity by mastering cybersecurity fundamentals (Crumpler and Lewis, 2019), building hands-on skills and experience (Crumpler and Lewis, 2019;Kam and Katerattanakul, 2019), employing adversarial and system thinking (Hamman and Hopkinson, 2016), and building soft skills (i.e., communication, problem-solving, collaboration, and team working) (Crumpler and Lewis, 2019;Hamman and Hopkinson, 2016). Hackathons have been proposed as suitable for implementing these strategies, particularly in providing targeted learning content, introducing real-world scenarios and gamification, and encouraging an adversarial thinking approach (Affia et al, 2022;Karagiannis and Magkos, 2020;OConnor and Stricklan, 2021;Cheung et al, 2011). Additionally, hackathons provide flexible arrangements and mentoring opportunities (Wang and Sbeit, 2020;Affia et al, 2022).…”