Integrating Diverse Points of View on Intelligence: A 6P Framework and Its Implications

Abstract

This article introduces a 6P framework for understanding intelligence, as well as the theories and tests that are derived from it. The 6Ps in the framework are purpose, press, problems, persons, processes, and products underlying intelligence. Each of the 6Ps is considered in turn. We argue that although the purpose of intelligence is culturally universal, the other Ps can vary at least somewhat over time and space. A single theory or test of intelligence represents a particular configuration of the 6Ps, but other configurations of the 6Ps might yield different theories and different tests.

An 8P Theoretical Framework for Understanding Creativity and Theories of Creativity

“…In recent work, the 4P model has been expanded into 6P frameworks for both intelligence (Sternberg & Karami, 2021a) and wisdom (Sternberg & Karami, 2021b). This 6P model added to the original 4P model two elements: purpose and problem.…”

“…The 6P theoretical framework that we have used previously in our frameworks for intelligence and wisdom (Sternberg & Karami, 2021a, 2021b) and that we include in our framework for creativity adds 50% more Ps—“two Ps” to the 4P framework—namely, purpose and problems . From our standpoint, these additions are important.…”

“…There have been proposed 6P frameworks for wisdom (Sternberg & Karami, 2021a) and for intelligence (Sternberg & Karami, 2021b). The current framework differs from these previous frameworks in the addition of propulsion and public.…”

Relationships among creativity indices: Creative potential, production, achievement, and beliefs about own creative personality

“…For instance, the 4 Ps theory claims that creativity could be attributed to the Person (individuals’ cognitive and metacognitive traits), Process (psychological process to perform creative acts), Press (environment and situations that produce creativity), and Product (specific works and achievement to demonstrate creativity) [ 10 ]. Eventually, this model was further developed into an integrated model with additional factors [ 11 ].…”

“…DT is a representative creative potential in the Process component [ 14 ], which is typically tested through idea generation tasks. Representative tests include the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT) [ 17 ], the tests of Wallach and Kogan [ 18 ], and those proposed by Williams [ 19 ] and by Guilford [ 11 ], among others.…”