Integrating demand side management into EU electricity distribution system operation: A Dutch example

Tackling the Risk of Stranded Electricity Assets with Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence

“…In a highly electrified economy with high shares of variable solar and wind electricity systems, reducing systemic mismatches between the generation and energy demand assets in an efficient manner requires investments in smart energy management systems. Energy management systems consist of two main categories: (a) supply-side devices from the electric utility-side used to manage the fluctuation of the load demand such as substations, and (b) the demand-side management devices used to manage energy consumption and meet the available power from the generation side [25][26][27][28]. Substations encompass transformers, switchgear, and protection, control and automation systems, and connect parts of the electric grid that operate at different voltage levels and managing these multidirectional power flows while ensuring reliability and security is critical as the share of decentralized and renewable energy increases.…”

Zonal and Nodal Models of Energy Market in European Union

“…Therefore, this model is based on price zones or market areas in which the same price exists, operating on the assuming no loss or any limitations in transmission capacity and commercial possibilities within each price zone: the assumption of a "copper plate" [73]. "Copper plate" is a concept that assumes that energy can be sent anywhere from one place to another without any restrictions [74]. Despite the fact that in real conditions this copper plate does not exist, the adopted assumptions and the entire structure of the electricity sector market are consciously based on a kind of illusion that this is how the market can function.…”

“…The principals of nodal pricing can be implemented in different ways: (a) full nodal pricing, i.e., both generators and the demand side are exposed to nodal prices like in case of New Zealand and US (Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland) [90] or mixed like in case of Australia e.g., price changed into a weighted average of the nodal prices in a region, rather than being the price at a single node in the region, and nodally dispatched but zonally settled [90,91]. The dynamic development of distributed generation, including renewable energies sources (RESs) connected to the distribution network, will have a significant impact on the role and functioning of distribution system operators (DSOs) [74]. The development of small generating units in the field of power generation will allow the active participation of the final customer (end users) connected even to the low voltage network.…”

“…The energy price in the location model is to be market-based and is to take into account all cost components borne by producers, the transmission system operator (TSO) and distribution system (DSO), taking into account the potential of the market (demand) [74,106]. At the same time, it is not to be an obligatory price.…”

Smart Energy Frameworks for Smart Cities: The Need for Polycentrism

“…Load shifting tries to smooth the power demand away from peak periods through price incentives thereby improving power efficiency and optimizing resource allocation to achieve efficient electricity use (Kuiken and Más 2019;Varma and Sushil 2019;Wang et al 2018). Load shedding, on the other hand, is a form of targeted blackout where utilities enter into agreement with large electricity consumers such as industries or universities to reduce their consumption during peaking crises in return for discounted rates.…”