Integrating BRAF/MEK inhibitors into combination therapy for melanoma

Smalley, Keiran S.M.; Flaherty, Keith T.

doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604891

Cited by 78 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…For example, mTor is a kinase involved in controlling cell proliferation and motility in many cell types, including T cells (65,66). Although, a combined B-Raf and mTor inhibitor therapy was suggested for tumors (67), no direct link between B-Raf and mTor signaling has been reported. We also found that B-Raf interacted with Rictor, a known binding partner of mTor (68).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kidins220/ARMS Associates with B-Raf and the TCR, Promoting Sustained Erk Signaling in T Cells

Deswal

Meyer

Fiala

et al. 2013

The Journal of Immunology

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The activation kinetics of MAPK Erk are critical for T cell development and activation. In particular, sustained Erk signaling is required for T cell activation and effector functions, such as IL-2 production. Although Raf-1 triggers transient Erk activation, B-Raf is implicated in sustained Erk signaling after TCR stimulation. In this study, we show that B-Raf is dephosphorylated on its inhibitory serine 365 upon TCR triggering. However, it is unknown how B-Raf activation is coupled to the TCR. Using mass spectrometry, we identified protein kinase D–interacting substrate of 220 kDa (Kidins220)/ankyrin repeat-rich membrane spanning protein, mammalian target of rapamycin, Rictor, Dock2, and GM130 as novel B-Raf interaction partners. We focused on Kidins220, a protein that has been studied in neuronal cells and found that it associated with the pre-TCR, αβTCR, and γδTCR. Upon prolonged TCR stimulation, the Kidins220–TCR interaction was reduced, as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays. We show that Kidins220 is required for TCR-induced sustained, but not transient, Erk activation. Consequently, induction of the immediate early gene products and transcription factors c-Fos and Erg-1 was blocked, and upregulation of the activation markers CD69, IL-2, and IFN-γ was reduced. Further, Kidins220 was required for optimal calcium signaling. In conclusion, we describe Kidins220 as a novel TCR-interacting protein that couples B-Raf to the TCR. Kidins220 is mandatory for sustained Erk signaling; thus, it is crucial for TCR-mediated T cell activation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kidins220/ARMS Associates with B-Raf and the TCR, Promoting Sustained Erk Signaling in T Cells

Deswal

Meyer

Fiala

et al. 2013

The Journal of Immunology

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“…BRAF-targeting compounds and MEK inhibitors, designed to disrupt the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway have been developed and are currently being tested in clinical trials for treatment of various human cancers (Beeram et al 2005, Gray-Schopfer et al 2007, Haass et al 2008. Several studies have shown that BRAF mutant cancer cells may be susceptible to anti-cancer drugs, such as AZD6244 (used to treat melanoma) (Smalley & Flaherty 2009). Furthermore, Zheng et al (2009) described the relationship between AMPK and the RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway in human melanoma cells harboring a BRAF mutation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of the BRAF V600E mutation in thyroid cancer cell lines on the anticancer effects of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-ribonucleoside

Choi

Kim

Chung³

et al. 2011

Journal of Endocrinology

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5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-ribonucleoside (AICAR) is an activator of 50 -AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which plays a role in the maintenance of cellular energy homeostasis. Activated AMPK inhibits the protein kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin, thereby reducing the extent of protein translation and suppressing both cell growth and cell cycle entry. Recent reports indicate that AMPKmediated growth inhibition is achieved via an action of the RAF-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in melanoma cells harboring the V600E mutant form of the BRAF oncogene. In this study, we investigated the anticancer efficacy of AICAR by measuring its effects on proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression of BRAF wild-type and V600E-mutant thyroid cancer cell lines. We also explored the mechanism underlying these effects.AICAR inhibited the proliferation of BRAF V600E-mutant thyroid cancer cell lines more strongly than was the case with wild-type cell lines. The suppressive effect of AICAR on cell proliferation was associated with increased S-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Interestingly, AICAR suppressed phosphorylation of ERK and p70S6K in BRAF V600E-mutant thyroid cancer cells, but rather increased phosphorylation in wild-type cells. Together, the results indicate that AICAR-induced AMPK activation in BRAF V600E-mutant thyroid cancer cell lines resulted in increases in apoptosis and S-phase arrest via downregulation of ERK and p70S6K activity. Thus, regulation of AMPK activity may be potentially useful as a therapy for thyroid cancer if the cancer harbors a BRAF V600E mutation.

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“…To address these issues, combination of BRAF/MAPK-targeted therapy with other signal transduction inhibitors or with conventional chemotherapy has been proposed (9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective BRAFV600E Inhibition Enhances T-Cell Recognition of Melanoma without Affecting Lymphocyte Function

et al. 2010

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Targeted therapy against the BRAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a promising new therapeutic approach for the treatment of melanoma. Treatment with selective BRAF inhibitors results in a high initial response rate but limited duration of response. To counter this, investigators propose combining this therapy with other targeted agents, addressing the issue of redundancy and signaling through different oncogenic pathways. An alternative approach is combining BRAF/MAPK-targeted agents with immunotherapy. Preliminary evidence suggests that oncogenic BRAF (BRAF V600E ) contributes to immune escape and that blocking its activity via MAPK pathway inhibition leads to increased expression of melanocyte differentiation antigens (MDA). Recognition of MDAs is a critical component of the immunologic response to melanoma, and several forms of immunotherapy capitalize on this recognition. Among the various approaches to inhibiting BRAF/MAPK, broad MAPK pathway inhibition may have deleterious effects on T lymphocyte function. Here, we corroborate the role of oncogenic BRAF in immune evasion by melanoma cells through suppression of MDAs. We show that inhibition of the MAPK pathway with MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors or a specific inhibitor of BRAF V600E in melanoma cell lines and tumor digests results in increased levels of MDAs, which is associated with improved recognition by antigen-specific T lymphocytes. However, treatment with MEK inhibitors impairs T lymphocyte function, whereas T-cell function is preserved after treatment with a specific inhibitor of BRAF V600E. These findings suggest that immune evasion of melanomas mediated by oncogenic BRAF may be reversed by targeted BRAF inhibition without compromising T-cell function. These findings have important implications for combined kinase-targeted therapy plus immunotherapy for melanoma. Cancer Res; 70(13); 5213-9. ©2010 AACR.

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Integrating BRAF/MEK inhibitors into combination therapy for melanoma

Cited by 78 publications

References 37 publications

Kidins220/ARMS Associates with B-Raf and the TCR, Promoting Sustained Erk Signaling in T Cells

Kidins220/ARMS Associates with B-Raf and the TCR, Promoting Sustained Erk Signaling in T Cells

The influence of the BRAF V600E mutation in thyroid cancer cell lines on the anticancer effects of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-ribonucleoside

Selective BRAFV600E Inhibition Enhances T-Cell Recognition of Melanoma without Affecting Lymphocyte Function

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