Integrating behavior and cardiovascular responses: posture and locomotion. I. Static analysis

Abstract

Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and renal and mesenteric or femoral blood flow were telemetered from 11 Papio hamadryas in an untethered free-ranging situation. The animals' behavior was recorded on videotape, and the cardiovascular (CV) data were recorded on the audio channels of the tape. The behavior was coded, and the codes were linked to the CV data via a time-code generator and computer control. The CV data were digitized into 1-s intervals, and the static relations between CV measures and the postures/locomotions (P/Ls) associated with the behavior were analyzed. The total frequency distributions for heart rate, blood pressure, and renal conductance approximated Gaussian distributions, whereas femoral conductance was positively skewed. The distribution for renal conductance suggested that during normal waking conditions the kidney is not maximally dilated and may increase or decrease its blood flow. All distributions were highly influenced by the Sit category, which occupied 80% of the total time. The CV measures for all P/Ls had wide ranges, and the CV values associated with each P/L overlapped those for the other P/Ls. The heart rate and renal conductance associated with the various P/Ls showed the largest deviations from the grand means and therefore contributed the most to the ability to discriminate one P/L from another. Blood pressure varied little from one P/L to another. The patterns of CV variables served to distinguish particular P/Ls very effectively. The frequency distributions were separated best when they were parceled on the basis of the intensity of behavior associated with a particular P/L. These variations in intensity were the major cause of the overlaps in the frequency distributions associated with P/Ls.

Heart rate responses to social interactions in free-moving rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): A pilot study.

“…Berntson et al, 1989;Ekman et al, 1983) compared with those for activity transitions (Smith et al, 1993). Therefore, under naturalistic conditions Mean maximum changes in heart rate (HR; beats per minute) of both the younger and older subjects during the receipt of grooming and matched control periods.…”

“…Heart rate changes in response to socioemotional conditions are generally small (cf. Berntson et al, 1989;Ekman et al, 1983) compared with those for activity transitions (Smith et al, 1993). Therefore, under naturalistic conditions study, even though this resulted in a sharply reduced number of observations suitable for analysis.…”

“…Heart rate changes in response to socioemotional conditions are generally small (cf. Berntson et al, 1989; Ekman et al, 1983) compared with those for activity transitions (Smith et al, 1993). Therefore, under naturalistic conditions the subtle changes due solely to emotional states are hard to detect because they are often overshadowed by activity changes, including even small head or limb movements.…”

“…This deficit may stem from the difficulty to control for the pronounced effects of general physical activity on heart rate. Changes in activity level and posture are accompanied by strong changes in heart rate (Smith et al, 1993), and these effects could overshadow the possible emotional effects of social interactions.…”

Characterization of the relationship between spontaneous locomotor activity and cardiovascular parameters in conscious freely moving rats

“…In baboons, most activities (standing vertical, walking, jumping, running) were characterized by similar tachycardia (137–147 beats/min) which was different from heart rates during lying or sitting (107–111 beats/min) [14]. A similar observation was made in rhesus monkeys [15]: sitting with minimal movements resulted in half-maximal increases in heart rate compared with sitting still, while standing still evoked maximal tachycardia.…”