Integrated Wearable Sensors for Sensing Physiological Pressure Signals and β-Hydroxybutyrate in Physiological Fluids

Abstract

Flexible and wearable sensors have attracted much attention for their applications in health monitoring and the human–machine interaction. The most studied wearable sensors have been demonstrated for sensing a limited range of metabolites such as ions, glucose, uric acid, lactate, etc. Both sweat and urine contain numerous other physiologically relevant metabolites indicative of health and wellness. This work demonstrates the use of the wearable sensor for the detection of β-hydroxybutyrate (HB) in sweat. HB is an important biomarker for diabetic ketoacidosis, a condition caused by the accumulation of ketone bodies in hyperglycemia or metabolic acidosis patients. Herein, we fabricated an integrated sensing system coupling an HB detection chamber with a serpentine electrode for sensing physiological signals such as pulse beat, vocal cord vibration, etc. The real-time HB detection was based on a β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase enzymatic reaction. The stability of the enzyme and the cofactor couple was achieved by cross-linking networks and a redox mediator, thereby achieving high selectivity and low detection limits to HB in urine and sweat. The dual-functional sensor was integrated with a signal processing circuitry for signal transduction, conditioning, processing, wireless transmission, and real-time convenient health monitoring display to a smartphone via home-developed software.

Wearable Technology for Monitoring Respiratory Rate and SpO2 of COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review

“…Channa et al also showed multiple applications of wearable devices during the pandemic, including preventing worsening of the disease, quarantine management, effective contact tracing, social or business interactions, smart learning/education, diagnosis of COVID-19, and stress management [S6]. Various researchers have proposed that physiological information obtained from integrated wearable devices, which have the utility of artificial intelligence (AI) and sensor fusion techniques, can have promising results, and are potentially ideal for the long-term monitoring of COVID-19 patients and other chronic diseases [ 8 ]. These are advantageous since the sensors are minimized and integrated into the network connectivity and predictive analytics to capture, transmit, and analyze biometric information automatically [ 9 ].…”

Challenges of Emerging Wearable Sensors for Remote Monitoring toward Telemedicine Healthcare

“…For instance, an integrated wearable sensor was invented to monitor a progression of ketoacidosis using a βhydroxybutyrate biomarker as well as sensing physiological signals, such as vocal cord disorders and rhythm of the pulse beat as represented in Figure 5c. 88 With the another recent achievement, molecularly imprinted polymer-based artificial antibodies were exploited to monitor several metabolites, nutrient analytes, and amino acids associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and neurotransmitter activities. 75 Furthermore, a flexible microfluidic multiplexed immunosensor enabled monitoring of a panel of wound healing biomarkers, including transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-8.…”

A Portable Sweat Sensor Based on Carbon Quantum Dots for Multiplex Detection of Cardiovascular Health Biomarkers

“…Portable sensors that provide cardiovascular health information are the remedy, and as such, their development has attracted much attention in recent years. 3 The latest research advances have shown their applications in sensing various health indicators such as temperature, 4 pressure signals, 5 glucose, 6 uric acid, 7 etc.…”