Integrated ultrasonic particle positioning and low excitation light fluorescence imaging

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) emerged as the most suitable photodetectors for both single-photon counting and photon-timing applications. Different complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices have been reported in the literature, with quite different performance and some excelling in just few of them, but often at different operating conditions. In order to provide proper criteria for performance assessment, we present some figures of merit (FoMs) able to summarize the typical SPAD performance (i.e., photon detection efficiency, dark counting rate, afterpulsing probability, hold-off time, and timing jitter) and to identify a proper metric for SPAD comparisons, when used either as single-pixel detectors or in imaging arrays. The ultimate goal is not to define a ranking list of best-in-class detectors, but to quantitatively help the end-user to state the overall performance of different SPADs in either photon-counting, timing, or imaging applications. We review many CMOS SPADs from different research groups and companies, we compute the proposed FoMs for all them and, eventually, we provide an insight on present CMOS SPAD technologies and future trends

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SPAD Figures of Merit for Photon-Counting, Photon-Timing, and Imaging Applications: A Review

Bronzi

et al. 2016

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Time-resolved CMOS SPAD arrays: architectures, applications and perspectives

et al. 2017

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SPADs (Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes) are the viable photodetectors for most single-photon counting and photontiming applications. Some custom SPAD and many complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) SPADs have been reported in literature, with quite different performance and some excelling in just few of them, but often at different operating conditions. Proper performance assessment can be done through figures of merit able to summarize the typical SPAD performance (i.e. photon detection efficiency, dark counting rate, afterpulsing probability, hold-off time, and timing jitter) and to identify a proper metric for SPAD comparisons, when used either as single pixel detectors or in imaging arrays. We present a comparison among some imager architectures and SPAD detectors and arrays in either photoncounting, timing, or imaging applications.

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Integrated ultrasonic particle positioning and low excitation light fluorescence imaging

Cited by 2 publications

References 11 publications

SPAD Figures of Merit for Photon-Counting, Photon-Timing, and Imaging Applications: A Review

SPAD Figures of Merit for Photon-Counting, Photon-Timing, and Imaging Applications: A Review

Time-resolved CMOS SPAD arrays: architectures, applications and perspectives

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