Integrated Rural Development: The Ethiopian Experience and the Debate by John M. Cohen

An Evaluation of Command Agriculture and Food Security Among Communal Farmers in Rural Zimbabwe

“…According to Hoda and Terway (2015), since independence, rural branches of commercial banks, regional rural banks, priority sector lending, selfhelp groups-bank linkage programme, special agriculture credit plan, 2004 initiative for doubling agriculture credit, Kisan credit cards and financial inclusion programmes have been some of the initiatives for supporting and financing agriculture in India, including the rural and smallholder farmers. For example, the Etawah district's agricultural production and infrastructure have been greatly transformed since the 1966 India famine through the self-help programme (Cohen, 1987;Vernon, 1984). Despite the efforts, the notable challenge in rural and smallholder farmers has been creditworthiness as farmers have failed to repay (Kambali & Niyaz, 2021).…”

“…In countries like Ethiopia, agricultural support has been through programmes like Chilalo Agricultural Development Unit largely influenced by the integrated rural development approach, Mexico has had support schemes such as the Puebla Project, Kenya has had the Vihega Project, and Malawi has had schemes like the Lilongwe Project (Cohen, 1987). However, like the Zimbabwean schemes, these strategies have been criticised for being costly in relation to the minimal gains and weak coordination (Cohen, 1987). Thus, as is the case in Zimbabwe, countries across the globe continue to make efforts to address agricultural production and food security as a key developmental goal through policy and financial commitments, programmes or pledges.…”

ตัวแบบนวัตกรรมการพัฒนาชุมชนสิ่งทออย่างยั่งยืน

“…) (Cohen, 1987;Ruttan, 1984) 2.9.1.1 การพั ฒนาชนบทโดยใช้ ความจ าเป็ นพื ้ นฐาน (The basic needs development strategy)…”