Integrated resources planning in microgrids considering interruptible loads and shiftable loads

In power market environment, the growing importance of demand response (DR) and renewable energy source (RES) attracts more for-profit DR and RES aggregators to compete with each other to maximize their profit. Meanwhile, the intermittent natures of these alternative sources along with the competition add to the probable financial risk of the aggregators. The objective of the paper is to highlight this financial risk of aggregators in such uncertain environment while estimating DR magnitude and power generated by RES. This work develops DR modeling incorporating the effect of estimating power at different confidence levels and uncertain participation of customers. In this paper, two well-known risk assessment techniques, value at risk and conditional value at risk, are applied to predict the power from RES and DR programs at a particular level of risk in different scenarios generated by Monte Carlo method. To establish the linkage between financial risk taking ability of individuals, the aggregators are classified into risk neutral aggregator, risk averse aggregator and risk taking aggregator. The paper uses data from Indian Energy Exchange to produce realistic results and refers certain policies of Indian Energy Exchange to frame mathematical expressions for benefit function considering uncertainties for each type of three aggregators. Extensive results show the importance of assessing the risks involved with two unpredictable variables and possible impacts on technical and financial attributes of the microgrid energy market.

Section: Dr ð13þmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of microgrid aggregators considering demand response and uncertain renewable energy sources

Ghose

Pandey

Gadham

2019

“…Reference [17] provides a general overview of the control, integration and energy management within MGs while the recent advancements in control and dispatch of DERs, employed communication technologies, as well as load management and protection strategies are summarized in [18]. Considering the uncertainty of renewable sources, the reliability and load controllability of the system, various optimal planning techniques are proposed for MGs in [19][20][21].…”

Section: A Review Of Existing Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Constraint (18) shows the apparent power balance within the CMG and the isolated PMGs in which b is respectively ?1 and -1 for the discharging and charging BESSs. Constraint (19) denotes the active and reactive power load of DGs.…”

Section: Problem Formulation and Technical Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-level supervisory emergency control for operation of remote area microgrid clusters

Batool

Shahnia

Islam

2019

Remote and regional areas are usually supplied by isolated and self-sufficient electricity systems, which are called as microgrids (MGs). To reduce the overall cost of electricity production, MGs rely on non-dispatchable renewable sources. Emergencies such as overloading or excessive generation by renewable sources can result in a substantial voltage or frequency deviation in MGs. This paper presents a supervisory controller for such emergencies. The key idea is to remedy the emergencies by optimal internal or external support. A multi-level controller with soft, intermedial and hard actions is proposed. The soft actions include the adjustment of the droop parameters of the sources and the controlling of the charge/discharge of energy storages. The intermedial action is exchanging power with neighboring MGs, which is highly probable in large remote areas. As the last remedying resort, curtailing loads or renewable sources are assumed as hard actions. The proposed controller employs an optimization technique consisting of certain objectives such as reducing power loss in the tie-lines amongst MGs and the dependency of an MG to other MGs, as well as enhancing the contribution of renewable sources in electricity generation. Minimization of the fuel consumption and emissions of conventional generators, along with frequency and voltage deviation, is the other desired objectives. The performance of the proposal is evaluated by several numerical analyses in MATLAB Ò .

“…It is presumed in [17] that the aggregator sells electricity to consumers at a predefined retail rate. A microgrid optimization model is proposed in [18,19], which directly assumes the deferrable and interruptible loads as sources of DR but ignores consumer behavior. Demand side flexibility is studied in [20] using a DG planning model combined with a unit commitment and economic dispatch model, but the demand side flexibility is investigated via four enumerated possible cases, which simplified the DR situation and neglected the interaction between the DSO and consumers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributed generation planning for diversified participants in demand response to promote renewable energy integration

Dang

Wang

Shao

et al. 2019

In modern distribution system, the distribution system operator (DSO) acts as a market facilitator and data manager as well as an energy supplier and operation controller. In this circumstance, the DSO should comprehensively consider the diversified participants of the modern distribution system when making investment decisions of distributed generation (DG). This paper proposes a DG planning model considering the behavior of the diversified participants, which are motivated to cooperate with distributed renewable energy resources to promote their integration, and to achieve the optimal DG investment plan. The optimization model takes a centralized structure but fully considers the preferences, profits and comfort levels of the aggregators and consumers. The model is linearized into a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem and is solved by CPLEX. Results of the case study show that when the DSO spares subsidies to the aggregators and consumers to encourage their participation in demand response (DR) programs, it earns more compared with providing no subsidies for DR participation. It is also demonstrated that the overall profit increases as the subsidies increase within a certain range, but decreases when the subsidies exceed this range. Therefore, the DSO needs to carefully choose the subsidization level to achieve the optimal utilization of renewable energy and demand flexibility. The optimal subsidization level is derived from the model proposed in this paper. Therefore, this paper puts forward a new pattern to utilize the distributed renewable energy sources, and provides guidance in policy making and DR program implementation.