Integrated pedestrian countermeasures – Potential of head injury reduction combining passive and active countermeasures

Deploying time investigation of automotive active hood lift mechanism with different design parameters of hinge part

“…line from joint A to point E that is the center of the arc that indicates a contact surface between actuator and bracket release l 12 line from joint A to point F that is the center of the arc that indicates a contact surface between bracket release and pole l 31 distance from the rotation center of pole to the contact point between bracket release and pole m 1 mass of bracket release m 3 mass of pole m h mass of the hood that is lifted at the total system r f1 distance used to calculate the moment transmitted to bracket release by the friction force between bracket release and actuator r f2 distance used to calculate the moment transmitted to bracket release by the friction force between bracket release and pole r f3 distance used to calculate the moment transmitted to pole by the friction force between bracket release and pole r 11 distance used to calculate the moment transmitted to bracket release by the actuator force r 12 distance used to calculate the moment transmitted to bracket release by the reacted force of pole r 12i distance of r 12 when moment is transmitted at the first time r 21 distance used to calculate the moment transmitted to plate by bracket release through joint A r 22 distance used to calculate the moment transmitted to plate by pole through joint C r 31 distance used to calculate the moment transmitted to pole by the force of bracket release r 31i distance of r 31 when moment is transmitted at the first time r 32 distance used to calculate the moment transmitted to pole by the reacted force of hood through joint D R brack distance of bracket release, which is the distance from joint A to end of bracket release in horizontal direction R plate distance of plate, which is the distance from joint B to joint C in horizontal direction R 1 distance from a rotational center of bracket release to a contact point between actuator and bracket release in horizontal direction, which is indicated to the location of actuator R 2 distance from the rotational center of plate to the rotational center of bracket release in horizontal direction, which is indicated to the location of bracket release R 3 distance from the contact point of bracket release and pole to the rotational center of pole in horizontal direction R 5d…”

Pedestrian Protection Overview

“…Fredriksson and Rosén (2010) used German (GIDAS) accident data to derive a head impact WAD equation, where WAD depended on pedestrian stature and car impact speed. Using their equation to calculate the sliding effect (head impact WAD-body height) for three body heights, the following dependence on impact speed could be derived ( Figure 11).…”

“…Fredriksson and Rosén (2010) studied 54 representative, severely head injured (AIS3+) pedestrians in detail to estimate the potential of theoretical primary and secondary systems and the potential of combining them into an integrated system. The primary safety system was assumed to brake (up to 0.6 g, depending on road friction) for all visible pedestrians one second before crash.…”

“…Effectiveness of passive (secondary), active (primary), and integrated systems. (Fredriksson and Rosén (2010). Reproduced with permission from R.…”

Effects of microbus front structure on pedestrian head injury

“…According to the literature, in pedestrian-vehicle collisions, the part of the human body with the highest frequency of injury is the pedestrian's head, which often leads to permanent disability or death (Fredriksson, 2012 andHAN, 2012). Therefore, reducing head injuries in traffic accidents has drawn great attention worldwide.…”