Integrated optical waveguides in polyimide for wafer scale integration

Selvaraj, Ramya; Lin, Hon-Jarn; McDonald, J. F.

doi:10.1109/50.4096

Cited by 56 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Other interesting data, giving additional information on the possible use of polyimides as optical interconnects, were published by Selvaraj et al, 36 Hewak and Jeronimek,37 Tonchev et al 38 and Rooks et al 39 On the basis of the available data, some chemical structure-transparency dependence can be identified as follows. Monomers containing the hexafluoroisopropylidene linking group are suitable to produce transparent polyimides and possibly other polymers such as poly(phenylquinoxaline)s. Polyimides which possess two such links (Sixef-33® and Sixef-44®) are colorless and exhibit low optical losses.…”

Section: Transparent Polymersmentioning

confidence: 93%

Heterocyclic polymers with high glass transition temperatures

Sillion¹,

Rabilloud²

1995

New Methods of Polymer Synthesis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Glass transition temperatures (Tgs) of polymers have been correlated with the concept of free volume so that the relationship between Tg and the molecular mass M (7.1) where T; is the glass transItIon temperature for infinite molecular weight, K is a constant and M is the molecular weight. This relation is understandable if one considers that the fractional free volume due to the chain ends decreases as the molecular weight increases. Assuming that molecular motion of a chain end is greater than for an internal part of the chain, a low molecular weight polymer will have a Tg lower than a corresponding high molecular weight polymer. The constant K is the contribution of the end-groups (7.2) where p is the polymer density, N A is Avogadro's number, e is the contribution of a chain end to the free volume and a[ is the thermal expansion coefficient of the free volume.A few long branches on a polymer backbone decrease Tg by increasing the number of chain ends, while regular short branching along the chain increases both the stiffness and Tg and decreases chain mobility. Crosslinking reduces the specific volume so that Tg rises as a consequence of the reduction in molecular motion. l For homo cyclic and heterocyclic aromatic polymers, structure-property relationships have been reviewed mainly for polyimides and some general features have been pointed out. In the case of aromatic substitution, meta-versus para-catenation decreases Tg and flexible bridging groups such as oxygen or methylene decrease Tg more than do highly dipolar groups such as carbonyl and sulfone. Bulky substituents or substituents which restrict free rotation between two phenyl rings also increase Tg• 2 ,3 Aromatic and heterocyclic high performance polymers are very often amorphous and the variation in properties is governed by Tg• J. R. Ebdon et al. (eds.), New Methods of Polymer Synthesis

show abstract

Section: Transparent Polymersmentioning

confidence: 93%

Heterocyclic polymers with high glass transition temperatures

Sillion¹,

Rabilloud²

1995

New Methods of Polymer Synthesis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…epoxy, polyimides, diffused materials) are presently being applied to the board level, while for wafer-level systems, polyimides are predominantly being explored due to their well known etching behavior, thermal and mechanical stability. [1O, 28,29] The optical losses in all these materials are well below 1 dB/cm when optimized. Single mode waveguides in nonlinear materials are primarily patterned using an inverted rib technique through etching of an underlying layer prior to application of the polymer film.…”

Section: Ovfical Polymers and Wafer Networkmentioning

confidence: 98%

Impact of polymer-integrated optics on silicon wafer area networks

et al. 1990

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The maturation of silicon as a system wide "macrointegrated" technology suggests extremely compact, powerful computing systems in which communication will be among the most important functions. A silicon wafer area communication network which has the transmission function performed optically, ideally offers significant performance advantages over an electrical implementation, provided that it can be integrated compatibly within the electronic environment. Here, the suitability of long distance lightwave techniques for achieving the desired interconnection functionality is considered. The adaptations to conventional optical networks made necessary by electronic system cointegration constraints as well as the emerging role of optical polymers in achieving these adaptations at the wafer level are explored.

show abstract

“…However, direct writing with lasers or e-beams is also possible [9]. Polymers can be etched with solvents [10,11] or by Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) [12,13]. Losses in etched waveguides typically range from 0.1 dB/cm at 850 nm wavelength to 0.3 dB/cm at 1300 nm.…”

Section: Post-deposition Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer and Fiber Integrated Optics

Hunsperger

2009

Integrated Optics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In recent years, the interest in making waveguides and other integrated optic devices in polymer materials has grown rapidly. The driving force behind this development is cost reduction. Semiconductor materials and dielectric materials such as lithium niobate are relatively expensive and the processes used to fabricate devices in those materials are very complex. As the size and complexity of fiber optic telecom and datacom systems has grown, leading to fiber connections to the office and home, the demand for large quantities of inexpensive integrated optic devices has increased. As a result, research has been directed toward producing in polymers many of the devices that formerly were made only in III-V semiconductors or in lithium niobate. It also has been demonstrated that some integrated optic devices can be made from glass or plastic optical fiber waveguides as well as polymers. An example of this latter type of device is the array waveguide (AWG), which performs a spatial dispersion of different wavelengths similar to that produced by a prism [1].

show abstract

Integrated optical waveguides in polyimide for wafer scale integration

Cited by 56 publications

References 19 publications

Heterocyclic polymers with high glass transition temperatures

Heterocyclic polymers with high glass transition temperatures

Impact of polymer-integrated optics on silicon wafer area networks

Polymer and Fiber Integrated Optics

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About