Integrated optical time-domain reflectometer with low overhead

Mauldin, Thomas; Xu, Zhenyu; Yao, Zheyi; Wei, Tao

doi:10.1364/ao.393072

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…PDM techniques compare the same input voltage against differing references, modulating the equivalent probability density function (pdf). As previously reported, a resistorcapacitor (RC)-based circuit can be used to generate pdf modulation signals [7], [12]. However, this approach requires the use of several circuit components outside the IC chip, adding necessary hardware to the system and disqualifying it as a fully reconfigurable iTDR.…”

Section: B Jitter-based Pdmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A High-Performance, Reconfigurable, Fully Integrated Time-Domain Reflectometry Architecture Using Digital I/Os

Mauldin

Yao

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.

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Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) is an established means of measuring impedance inhomogeneity of a variety of waveguides, providing critical data necessary to characterize and optimize the performance of high-bandwidth computational and communication systems. However, TDR systems with both the high spatial resolution (sub-cm) and voltage resolution (sub-µV) required to evaluate high-performance waveguides are physically large and often cost-prohibitive, severely limiting their utility as testing platforms and greatly limiting their use in characterizing and trouble-shooting fielded hardware. Consequently, there exists a growing technical need for an electronically simple, portable, and low-cost TDR technology. The receiver of a TDR system plays a key role in recording reflection waveforms; thus, such a receiver must have high analog bandwidth, high sampling rate, and high-voltage resolution. However, these requirements are difficult to meet using low-cost analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). This article describes a new TDR architecture, namely, jitter-based APC (JAPC), which obviates the need for external components based on an alternative concept, analog-to-probability conversion (APC) that was recently proposed. These results demonstrate that a fully reconfigurable and highly integrated TDR (iTDR) can be implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) chip without using any external circuit components. Empirical evaluation of the system was conducted using an HDMI cable as the device under test (DUT), and the resulting impedance inhomogeneity pattern (IIP) of the DUT was extracted with spatial and voltage resolutions of 5 cm and 80 µV , respectively. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using the prototypical JAPC-based iTDR for real-world waveguide characterization applications.

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Section: B Jitter-based Pdmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A more recent approach described by Xu et al [7] and Mauldin et al [12] uses an analog-to-probability conversion (APC) concept to measure the signal in noisy environments using a differential digital I/O. However, this technique is limited by the offset voltage and hysteresis of the differential receiver/comparator [13].…”

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confidence: 99%

A High-Performance, Reconfigurable, Fully Integrated Time-Domain Reflectometry Architecture Using Digital I/Os

Mauldin

Yao

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.

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“…In this paper, we provided the physical model describing the mechanisms of the occurrence of the Rayleigh backscattering patterns and experimentally demonstrated that these patterns can be processed via Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) [ 19 ]. Recent advances in the field of OTDR technology [ 20 ] make it promising for practical implementation in the fiber authentication. Although conventional OTDR devices have worse spatial resolution than OFDR, they allow measurements over significantly longer distances and are limited only by attenuation in the waveguide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Optical-Fiber-Based Key for Remote Authentication of Users and Optical Fiber Lines

Smirnov

Yarovikov

Zhdanova

et al. 2023

Sensors

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We have shown the opportunity to use the unique inhomogeneities of the internal structure of an optical fiber waveguide for remote authentication of users or an optic fiber line. Optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) is demonstrated to be applicable to observing unclonable backscattered signal patterns at distances of tens of kilometers. The physical nature of the detected patterns was explained, and their characteristic spatial periods were investigated. The patterns are due to the refractive index fluctuations of a standard telecommunication fiber. We have experimentally verified that the patterns are an example of a physically unclonable function (PUF). The uniqueness and reproducibility of the patterns have been demonstrated and an outline of authentication protocol has been proposed.

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Minimal Overhead Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer Via I/O Integrated Data Converter Enabled by Field Programmable Voltage Offset

Mauldin

Wei

2021

2021 31st International Conference on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL)

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Integrated optical time-domain reflectometer with low overhead

Cited by 7 publications

References 15 publications

A High-Performance, Reconfigurable, Fully Integrated Time-Domain Reflectometry Architecture Using Digital I/Os

A High-Performance, Reconfigurable, Fully Integrated Time-Domain Reflectometry Architecture Using Digital I/Os

An Optical-Fiber-Based Key for Remote Authentication of Users and Optical Fiber Lines

Minimal Overhead Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer Via I/O Integrated Data Converter Enabled by Field Programmable Voltage Offset

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