“…Despite significant computerisation in practice, there were numerous gaps and challenges in the data life cycle: collection, documentation, storage, management, sharing and use [12,17]. The health information ecosystem is highly fragmented in Australia [18], Asia [19], Canada [20], and USA [21] with poorly defined protocols for information sharing among providers, settings, and jurisdictions. Many data repositories did not meet the basic legal, technical, and organisational principles for sharing data across settings.…”