Integrated gradient tissue-engineered osteochondral scaffolds: Challenges, current efforts and future perspectives

Polymeric Scaffolds for Regeneration of Central/Peripheral Nerves and Soft Connective Tissues

“…The rapid growth of 3D printing techniques, including 3D printings based on light‐sensitive resins, [ 62 ] fuse deposition modeling (FDM), [58b,63] selective laser sintering (SLS) [ 64 ] among others, [ 65 ] has given rise to 3D tissue scaffolds in a quite broad set of material library, covering both synthetic and natural polymers. [ 66 ] Previously, due to fabrication limits (e.g., resolution and material sources), it is hard for such printed scaffolds to meet favorable biomedical requirements (e.g., nutrition and growth factors) [11b,67] . Recent advances in 3D printing have enabled in situ bioprinting of artificial soft connective tissues consisting of polymeric supports, cells, and other biomolecules.…”

Recent development in multizonal scaffolds for osteochondral regeneration

“…Alternatively, some studies have demonstrated that continuous gradient scaffolds offer more promising results than the stratified ones as they more closely mimic the structure of native OC tissue compared to other MZS designs. To this end, Niu et al [ 488 ] recently proposed to use a single technique, such as electrospinning or 3D printing, to fabricate the whole integrated gradient tissue engineering osteochondral scaffolds (IGTEOS). This may potentially mitigate the concerns regarding poor shear properties of layered MZSs.…”

Injectable hydrogel loaded with 4-octyl itaconate enhances cartilage regeneration by regulating macrophage polarization

“…2 Functional impairment and pain can lead to severe distress and depression in these patients. 3 At present, the traditional treatment of cartilage defects in the clinic is still limited to microcracks, autologous allogeneic cartilage transplantation, and other means, but there are limitations such as fibrocartilage, autoimmune rejection, insufficient donors, and easy degeneration and deterioration of regenerated tissue. 4 In addition, osteoarthritis caused by cartilage defects will further damage the cartilage and form a vicious circle.…”