Integrated geophysics and soil gas profiles as a tool to characterize active faults: the Amer fault example (Pyrenees, NE Spain)

Zarroca, Mario; Linares, Rogelio; Plaza, Joan Bach i; Pau, Carles Roqué i; Moreno, V.; Font, L.; Baixeras, C.

doi:10.1007/s12665-012-1537-y

Cited by 48 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This general pattern is common in all the sections regardless of the array used. Fazzito et al, 2009;Suski et al, 2010;Zarroca et al, 2012Zarroca et al, , 2014bZarroca et al, , 2015. centred at x-coordinates -20 and 0 m), which are more evident in the DDP image, and high-resistivity shadows extending through P0, beneath some of the high-resistivity nodes ( Figure 8).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…If this assumption is not appropriate, as it may be the case in terrains with faults, the inversion routine tends to generate such kind of secondary artefacts adjacent to fractures (e.g. Fazzito et al, 2009;Suski et al, 2010;Zarroca et al, 2012Zarroca et al, , 2014bZarroca et al, , 2015. Based on this reasoning, and because the mapped normal fault imaged by ERI is consistent with this pattern, it can be hypothesized that those resistivity anomalies correspond to buried faults that do not extend to the uppermost exposed sediments ( Figure 8C).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The application of GPR and ERI in combination with exposure logging and retrodeformation analysis to characterize sinkholes and reconstruct their impact on fluvial sedimentation

Zarroca

Comas

Gutiérrez

et al. 2016

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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This work illustrates the practicality of investigating sinkholes integrating data gathered by ground penetrating radar (GPR), electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) and trenching or direct logging of the subsidence‐affected sediments in combination with retrodeformation analysis. This mutidisciplinary approach has been tested in a large paleosinkhole developed during the deposition of a Quaternary terrace on salt‐bearing evaporites. The subsidence structure, exposed in an artificial excavation, is located next to Puilatos, a village that was abandoned in the 1970s due to severe subsidence damage. Detailed logging of the exposure revealed that the subsidence structure corresponds to an asymmetric sagging and collapse paleosinkhole with no clear evidence of recent activity. The sedimentological and structural relationships together with the retrodeformation analysis indicate that synsedimentary subsidence controlled channel location, the development of a palustrine environment and local changes in the channel pattern. GPR profiles were acquired using an array of systems with different antenna frequencies, including some recently developed shielded antennas with improved vertical resolution and penetration depth. Although radargrams imaged the faulted sagging structure and provided valuable data on fault throw, they did not satisfactorily image the complex architecture of the fluvial deposit. ERI showed lower resolution but higher penetration depth when compared to GPR, roughly capturing the subsidence structure and yielding information on the thickness of the high‐resistivity alluvium and the nature of the underlying low‐resistivity karstic residue developed on top of the halite‐bearing evaporitic bedrock. Data comparison allows the assessment of the advantages and limitations of these complementary techniques, highly useful for site‐specific sinkhole risk management. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The application of GPR and ERI in combination with exposure logging and retrodeformation analysis to characterize sinkholes and reconstruct their impact on fluvial sedimentation

Zarroca

Comas

Gutiérrez

et al. 2016

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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“…The in-depth coverage of geoelectrical inverted models (20-50 m) has allowed us to obtain a broader insight into the subsurface structure of the investigated gravitational structures, complementing the trenching data. The two-dimensional (2-D) electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is frequently used in the characterization of surfi cial deposits and shallow deformation structures (e.g., Schrott and Sass, 2008;McCalpin, 2009a;Linares et al, 2010;Van Dam, 2010;Zarroca et al, 2012). However, the application of ERT to analyze deep-seated gravitational slope deformations has rarely been undertaken (Pánek et al, 2011), and no references reporting the use of this technique in rock spreads were found in the literature review carried out for this study.…”

Section: Methodsologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating gravitational grabens related to lateral spreading and evaporite dissolution subsidence by means of detailed mapping, trenching, and electrical resistivity tomography (Spanish Pyrenees)

et al. 2012

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The active lateral spread of the Peracalç Range (Spanish Pyrenees) has developed on a Cretaceous limestone sequence around 250 m thick, underlain by tectonically thickened (~2.5 km) Triassic halite-bearing evaporites and clays. Outward expansion of the Triassic sequence by ductile deformation and probably halokinesis toward the debuttressed and unloaded front of the range has been accommodated in the overlying cap rock through the development of a striking horst and graben morphostructure. Fault scarps show anomalously high height to length ratios (aspect ratio; H max /L) compared to the values reported for tectonic faults. This retrogressive gravitational deformation has aborted a paleodrainage, expressed as wind gaps, hanging valleys, and defeated streams. The signifi cant vertical displacement component in this rock spread is attributed to subsidence caused by interstratal evaporite dissolution, as supported by the dissolution-induced collapse and graben structures mapped at the foot of the range. To our knowledge, the rock spread of Peracalç, covering around 4.5 km 2 and with a minimum volume of 0.9 km 3 , is the largest documented landslide of the Pyrenees. The excavation of trenches and the acquisition of electrical resistivity tomography profi les provided information on the thickness and subsurface structure of the graben fi lls, the age of the lateral spread (older than 45 ka), an unexpected episodic kinematic behavior of the gravitational faults, and the timing of deformation events, including slumping of lake deposits.

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“…However, in areas with sharp lateral changes in resistivity related to tectonic or collapse faults, this unrealistic assumption results in the occurrence of artificial highand low-resistivity nodes that overprint the actual resistivity configuration of the subsoil. Nonetheless, the identification of such inversion artifacts allows the identification of fault zones (e.g., Sevil, 2018; Zarroca et al, 2012Zarroca et al, , 2017.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sinkholes in hypogene versus epigene karst systems, illustrated with the hypogene gypsum karst of the Sant Miquel de Campmajor Valley, NE Spain

et al. 2019

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The Garrotxa-Banyoles artesian aquifer system in NE Spain includes zones with epigene and hypogene evaporite karst and sinkhole development. The sinkhole fields related to hypogene evaporite dissolution are associated with the discharge zones of the aquifer, where groundwater from a confined limestone rises traversing an overlying gypsum formation capped by thick marls. This work analyses the sinkhole field developed in the Sant Miquel de Campmajor Valley (SMCV), a discharge area of the aquifer, where a cartographic inventory including 94 sinkholes has been produced. Sinkholes in this hypogene gypsum karst are mainly large caprock-collapse sinkholes rooted in deep-seated cavities generated by interstratal hypogene karstification, as corroborated by an electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) survey. They show a nonclustered distribution within the sinkhole field and the variations in size and density across the area are mainly controlled by the thickness of the marl caprock. The magnitude and frequency relationships of the sinkholes can be modelled with a high goodness of fit with a log-normal function, like in other regions of the world. However, in this deep-seated hypogene system the depressions show much larger dimensions. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P TPotential differences between the sinkholes developed in hypogene and epigene karst environments are discussed, including their distribution with respect to the groundwater flow system, their spatial patterns and dimensions.

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Integrated geophysics and soil gas profiles as a tool to characterize active faults: the Amer fault example (Pyrenees, NE Spain)

Cited by 48 publications

References 34 publications

The application of GPR and ERI in combination with exposure logging and retrodeformation analysis to characterize sinkholes and reconstruct their impact on fluvial sedimentation

The application of GPR and ERI in combination with exposure logging and retrodeformation analysis to characterize sinkholes and reconstruct their impact on fluvial sedimentation

Investigating gravitational grabens related to lateral spreading and evaporite dissolution subsidence by means of detailed mapping, trenching, and electrical resistivity tomography (Spanish Pyrenees)

Sinkholes in hypogene versus epigene karst systems, illustrated with the hypogene gypsum karst of the Sant Miquel de Campmajor Valley, NE Spain

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