Integrated geophysical and geological investigations applied to sedimentary rock mass characterization

Abstract

The Salento Peninsula (south-eastern Italy) is characterized by sedimentary rocks. The carbonatic nature of the rocks means they are affected by karst phenomena, forming such features as sinkholes, collapsed dolines and caverns, as a result of chemical leaching of carbonates by percolating water. The instability of these phenomena often produces land subsidence problems. The importance of these events is increasing due to growing urbanization, numerous quarries affecting both the subsoil and the surface, and an important coastline characterized by cliffs. This paper focuses on geological and geophysical methods for the characterization of soft sedimentary rock, and presents the results of a study carried out in an urban area of Salento. Taking the Q system derived by Barton (2002) as the starting point for the rock mass classification, a new approach and a modification of the Barton method are proposed. The new equation proposed for the classification of sedimentary rock mass (Qsrm) takes account of the permeability of the rock masses, the geometry of the exposed rock face and their types (for example, quarry face, coastal cliff or cavity), the nature of the lithotypes that constitute the exposed sequence, and their structure and texture. This study revises the correlation between Vp and Q derived by Barton (2002), deriving a new empirical equation correlating P-wave velocities and Qsrm values in soft sedimentary rock. We also present a case history in which stratigraphical surveys, Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), and seismic surveys were applied to in situ investigations of subsidence phenomena in an urban area to estimate rock mass quality. Our work shows that in the analysis of ground safety it is important to establish the rock mass quality of the subsurface structures; geophysical exploration can thus play a key role in the assessment of subsidence risk.

Stability Assessment of a Bedding Rock Slope Using Q-slope and Seismic Tomography: A Case Study in the Ecuadorian Amazon

“…Previous works compute quality rock mass coefficients using seismic tomography [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] in different scenarios and geological formations. However, there are no previous research works of Q determination in the organic-rich shales, limestones, and sandstones of the Napo formation, where the velocities in our study go from 1.8 km/s to 2.3 km/s.…”

“…For example, the seismic refraction profiles are used in Singapore granite bedrock [1] and in the limestones, gypsiferous shale, and red marl in the Bidu Formation of Iran [2]. The seismic refraction tomography is used in soft sedimentary carbonatic rocks of the karst in southeastern Italy [3] and the outcrops of sandstone and shale in Malaysian high-ways [4]. The borehole seismic tomography is also helpful for testing bridge foundations over Himalayan terrain with dolomite and limestone rocks [5].…”

A comprehensive study of some features from characteristics of enhanced ground‐penetrating radar wave images through convenient data processing within carbonate rock, west of Assiut, Egypt

“…The GPR method is an efficient, non‐destructive and cost‐effective tool for characterizing different sedimentary heterogeneities and structures (Bristow & Jol, 2003; Carrozzo et al., 2008; Ebraheem & Ibrahim, 2019; Leucci & De Giorgi, 2010). However, it can see below and into solid materials using radar waves.…”

“…To meet the expected socio‐economical demands as well as growing safety needs, a long‐term hazard assessment will be necessary. This requires systematic detection using geophysical methods such as gravity and magnetic surveys (Balkaya et al., 2012; Carrozzo et al., 2008) as well as other near‐surface geophysical methods such as ground‐penetrating radar (GPR), seismic, and resistivity. Conditions here are favourable for radar‐scale scanning, tracing of lithology, the zone of fractures, etc.…”