Integrated exposure assessment monitoring

Relation of pediatric blood lead levels to lead in gasoline.

“…Some of the uncertainty in the latter arises from the most common method of air sampling, the high-volume sampler, which collects particulates only in the 0. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] ,4m range and does not sample vapor phase lead. It has been observed that 40-60% of the mass of collected particulate lead is below 0.4 ,um, whereas less than 20% is below this diameter at the exhaust pipe (10).…”

“…Even if we double air lead concentration to compensate for height of the sampling station, this could account for only for 2.6-5.2 ,ug/100 ml blood lead, on the average, leaving 15-20 ug/100 ml of blood lead to be explained by other sources, which could very well come from gasoline through other pathways. In reality, the exposure mechanisms are probably considerably more complex (1,2). The lack ofdata on the role of secondary sources, such as dust and dirt can only lead to speculation.…”

“…Blood lead levels provide a measure of human lead exposure resulting from all environmental sources. The quantification of relations between environmental exposure and blood lead levels, especially in children, is of considerable importance for assessing the relative contributions of various sources of environmental lead and for judging the adequacy of control measures (1)(2)(3).…”

Multimedia modeling of environmental transport: trichloroethylene test case

“…The concept of compartmental modeling is not new in environmental research (1). Compartmental models have been used in modeling the transport of carbon dioxide (2,3) and trace pollutants in the oceans and across the airocean interface (4-6), in the design and interpretation of multimedia monitoring data (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14), and in pollutant mass balance studies in the environment (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). In recent years there has also been a growing awareness that multimedia-compartmental models may also aid in the design of comprehensive pollution control strategies (7,12,13,15,16,18,23,25).…”

“…The steady-state approach has proven useful in identifying the presence of potential sinks and sources in specific regions (20,21). Steady-state compartmental models have also been used to estimate human uptake of specific pollutants (8)(9)(10)(11)(12). The steady-state approach, however, does not yield information regarding the transient behavior of the compartmental system.…”