Integrated estimation of commercial sector end-use load shapes and energy use intensities in the PG&amp;E service area

Akbari, H.; Eto, J.; Konopacki, S.; Afzal, A.; Heinemeier, Kristin; Rainer, Leo

doi:10.2172/10140911

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…In another study, Sezgen et al [14] used output from commercial prototype simulations to create a forecasting system (Commercial End-Use Planning System, COMMEND 4.0) used by utility companies. A similar building simulation project developed commercial building electricity end-use load shapes for the Pacific Gas and Electric company (pG&E) by reconciling simulation results to metered whole building hourly loads from existing buildings within PG&E's service area [15]. A more recent study, using updated building prototypes from previous studies, determined building component (e.g., wall insulation, HV AC equipment, windows, lighting) contributions to space heating loads for the entire U.S. building stock [16].…”

Section: Bottom-up Approach: Simulating Prototypical Buildingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Building Energy Simulation and Geospatial Modeling Techniques in Determine High Resolution Building Sector Energy Consumption Profiles

Heiple¹

2000

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A technique is presented for estimating hourly and seasonal energy consumption profiles in the building sector at spatial scales down to the individual taxlot or parcel. The method combines annual building energy simulations for cityspecific prototypical buildings and commonly available geospatial data in a Geographical Information System (GIS) framework. Hourly results can be extracted for any day and exported as a raster output at spatial scales as fine as an individual parcel «100m). This method can be applied to virtually any large US city to obtain day-specific estimates of electricity and natural gas consumption within the residential and commercial sectors. The resulting profiles can be used to estimate anthropogenic sensible and latent waste heat emissions associated with building energy consumption.The target application for this approach is urban scale atmospheric modeling in support of urban heat island and air quality studies. In such applications the inclusion of high spatial and temporal resolution waste heat data represents a significant advancement.

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Section: Bottom-up Approach: Simulating Prototypical Buildingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Building Energy Simulation and Geospatial Modeling Techniques in Determine High Resolution Building Sector Energy Consumption Profiles

Heiple¹

2000

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“…Even though they tend to be less efficient, local systems use less distribution energy than central systems since the local systems' heating and/or cooling source is closer to the point of use. A previous LBNL study (Akbari et al 1993) using DOE-2 simulations indicates that fan energy per unit floor area in . large office buildings is four times greater for a central system than for a distributed packaged system.…”

Section: Hvac System Descriptionsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Assuming that the fan represents 1470of the total cooling load seen by the air-conditioning system (Akbari et al 1993) and that this is already reflected in the 2YZ0 thermal loss in supply-duct, then the 58~o fan power reduction induced by eliminating the thermal losses from ducts corresponds to a reduction of building cooling load by 8'%0that would have been created by the bigger fan. As derived from Figure 1, fans and pumps consumes approximately 40% of the total electricity energy used for cooling and ventilation in California commercial buildings.…”

Section: Thermally-imperfect Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient thermal energy distribution in commercial buildings - Final Report

Modera¹,

Xu²,

Feustel³

et al. 1999

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“…The buildings were characterized for old (built prior to 1980) or new (built 1980 or later) construction and with a gas furnace or an electric heat pump. Detailed construction, equipment, and interior load data were available from studies of Northern California commercial buildings (Akbari et al, 1993) and Sacramento residential and commercial buildings (CEC, 1994), and were used to define the prototypes in all three cities (quality data were unavailable for old-construction buildings in Baton Rouge and Salt Lake city). Characteristics for new-construction residences Appendix B.…”

Section: Appendix Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy savings for heat-island reduction strategies in Chicago and Houston (including updates for Baton Rouge, Sacramento, and Salt Lake City)

Konopacki¹,

Akbari²

2002

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In 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established the "Heat Island Reduction Initiative" to quantify the potential benefits of Heat-Island Reduction (HIR) strategies (i.e., shade trees, reflective roofs, reflective pavements and urban vegetation) to reduce coolingenergy use in buildings, lower the ambient air temperature and improve urban air quality in cities, and reduce CO 2 emissions from power plants. Under this initiative, the Urban Heat Island Pilot Project (UHIPP) was created with the objective of investigating the potential of HIR strategies in residential and commercial buildings in three initial UHIPP cities: Baton Rouge, LA; Sacramento, CA; and Salt Lake City, UT. Later two other cities, Chicago, IL and Houston, TX were added to the UHIPP.In an earlier report we summarized our efforts to calculate the annual energy savings, peak power avoidance, and annual CO 2 reduction obtainable from the introduction of HIR strategies in the initial three cities. This report summarizes the results of our study for Chicago and Houston. In this analysis, we focused on three building types that offer the highest potential savings: single-family residence, office and retail store. Each building type was characterized in detail by vintage and system type (i.e., old and new building constructions, and gas and electric heat). We used the prototypical building characteristics developed earlier for each building type and simulated the impact of HIR strategies on building cooling-and heating-energy use and peak power demand using the DOE-2.1E model. Our simulations included the impact of (1) strategically-placed shade trees near buildings [direct effect], (2) use of high-albedo roofing material on the building [direct effect], (3) urban reforestation with high-albedo pavements and building surfaces [indirect effect] and (4) combined strategies 1, 2, and 3 [direct and indirect effects]. We then estimated the total roof area of air-conditioned buildings in each city using readily obtainable data to calculate the metropolitan-wide impact of HIR strategies.The results show that in Chicago, potential annual energy savings of $30M could be realized by ratepayers from the combined direct and indirect effects of HIR strategies. Additionally, peak power avoidance is estimated at 400 MW and the reduction in annual carbon emissions at 58 ktC. In Houston, the potential annual energy savings are estimated at $82M, with an avoidance of 730 MW in peak power and a reduction in annual carbon emissions of 170 ktC. Executive SummaryIn 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) embarked on an initiative to quantify the potential benefits of Heat-Island Reduction (HIR) strategies (i.e., shade trees, reflective roofs, reflective pavements and urban vegetation). The goals were to reduce cooling-energy use in buildings, lower the ambient air temperature, reduce CO 2 emissions from power plants, and improve air quality in urban areas. Under this initiative, entitled "The Heat Island Reduction Initiative," the EPA...

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Integrated estimation of commercial sector end-use load shapes and energy use intensities in the PG&E service area

Cited by 14 publications

References 1 publication

Using Building Energy Simulation and Geospatial Modeling Techniques in Determine High Resolution Building Sector Energy Consumption Profiles

Using Building Energy Simulation and Geospatial Modeling Techniques in Determine High Resolution Building Sector Energy Consumption Profiles

Efficient thermal energy distribution in commercial buildings - Final Report

Energy savings for heat-island reduction strategies in Chicago and Houston (including updates for Baton Rouge, Sacramento, and Salt Lake City)

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