Integrated Critical Zone Model (1D-ICZ)

Optimizing the water-ecosystem-food nexus using nature-based solutions at the basin scale

“…The one-dimensional integrated critical zone (1D-ICZ) model is a mechanistic mathematical model capable of simulating and quantifying key soil functions including food and biomass production, water flow and storage, carbon/nutrient sequestration and biodiversity (Giannakis et al, 2017;Kotronakis et al, 2017). The model couples soil formation (aggregation and disaggregation) and structure with soil hydrology, cycling of nutrients, plant productivity and weathering (Nikolaidis et al, 2014;Kotronakis et al, 2017).…”

“…The objective of this work was to illustrate how hydrological and geochemical models can be used for assessing ecosystem services provided by NBS and then in turn to be used for the optimization of the WEF nexus at the watershed scale (i.e., the Koiliaris River Basin of Crete, Greece). Specifically, the Karst-SWAT (Nikolaidis et al, 2013) and the one-dimensional integrated critical zone (1D-ICZ) (Giannakis et al, 2017;Kotronakis et al, 2017) models were used to simulate the impact of NBS on water quantity and quality as well as on soil ecosystem services. The NBS (Somarakis et al, 2019) that will be assessed in this work are the creation of terraces and riparian forest, management of livestock for the improvement of water quality and agro ecological practices for the assessment of soil ecosystem services (biomass production, nutrient sequestration, water filtration and transformation, soil structure and fertility and below ground biodiversity).…”

Simulating carbon capture by enhanced weathering with croplands: an overview of key processes highlighting areas of future model development

“…The ICZ model simulates the plant-soil-water system with one-dimensional water flow and reactive transport in the soil profile. It incorporates a vegetation model, SOM dynamics, nutrient transformations of N and P, mineral weathering kinetics based on the SAFE code noted above, and geochemical speciation equilibria between solutes, mineral and gas phases and ion-exchange surfaces [13,14]. The ICZ includes a sub-model for changes in soil structure with changing biological activity, organic carbon inputs and mineralization, and the resulting changes in bulk soil hydraulic and transport parameters feedback to the equations describing hydrological flow and transport processes.…”

“…Several independent weathering rate estimates are therefore recommended when predicting the outcome of EW or assessing its effects [12]. These include empirical estimates based on different types of field data [12], upper CO 2 consumption limits based on mass balance approaches including assessments of downstream effects such as cation flux in surface water drainage from catchments [3], and rates from processbased numerical models (tables 1 and 2 [6,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]24]).…”

Assessing the Climate Regulation Potential of Agricultural Soils Using a Decision Support Tool Adapted to Stakeholders' Needs and Possibilities

“…A problem associated with existing models is that data requirements often exceed available data, which limits their application to a regional or national scale. For example, the 1D-ICZ (one-dimensional Integrated Critical Zone) model quantifies four different soil functions (biomass production, C and nutrient sequestration, water filtration and biodiversity) using process-based simulations at the soil profile scale (Giannakis et al, 2017), with a focus on the simulation of temporal changes in soil structure and aggregate dynamics. Although these types of models greatly improve our ability to use process understanding to quantify different soil functions, the simulation of these processes requires a large amount of data, while the range of management practices on which this model has been tested is currently still limited (Kotronakis et al, 2017).…”