Integrated control of pests in tropical and subtropical sweet pepper production

Abstract

Sweet pepper is now grown, in tropical and subtropical areas, under the integrated pest management (IPM) tactic of 'physical barrier', whereas it was once grown primarily in open fields. This management tactic, when properly employed, has the advantage of eliminating many of the larger open-field pests, and has resulted in greatly increased pepper yields. However, certain other pest populations are exacerbated by this IPM tactic. This paper reviews the primary pests and current control tactics in sweet pepper.

Conceptualizing Sustainably Produced Food for Promotional Purposes: A Sustainable Marketing Approach

“…There are two main types of protected horticulture, glasshouse production, as in the Netherlands and Israel, and plastic-covered production, as in Spain and Florida [115][116][117]. There is a distinction between protected horticulture as an environmental necessity due to cold climate and as an integrated pest management (IPM) tactic initiated to control pests [118]. The consequences of sweet pepper cultivation are related to how the peppers are grown, whether in protected horticulture or on open land.…”

“…The farmers' local knowledge base is secured and protects both the natural as well as the cultural resource base, as subsistence food needs are met and the resistance to harsh environmental conditions is strengthened [42,51,65,88]. [118]. In organic free land production chemical pesticides are replaced by biological spraying [114].…”

“…Water scarcity and degradation through contamination of water and overuse of water [118,165]. In organic production there is no contamination to water.…”

“…Protected pepper production reduces the need for chemical pest control as insects are "kept out" by a physical barrier [117,118,165].…”

Enhancing pest management in sweet pepper by the exploitation of zoophytophagy

“…Insects and mites associated with pepper can cause both direct and indirect damage (Brodsgaard and Albajes, 1999;Weintraub, 2007). Indirect damage occurs mainly when pests are vectors transmitting viruses, whereas direct damage occurs when pests damage roots, stems, flowers and fruit.…”