“…They, in turn, lead to cross-sectoral cascading infrastructure system failures because of extensive interdependencies in urban areas, threatening human health and local economies (Wilbanks and Fernandez, 2014;Penny et al, 2018). The design of flood control structures and urban water infrastructure is typically based on the statistical properties of extreme precipitation in the form of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, which quantify the frequency of occurrence of a given precipitation intensity over a range of time scales or temporal durations (Hosseinzadehtalaei et al, 2017(Hosseinzadehtalaei et al, , 2018Yan et al, 2018;Boukhelifa et al, 2018). The IDF curves also have important implications for other infrastructure vulnerable to heavy precipitation such as land-based transportation systems (e.g., streets and railways) (Kermanshah et al, 2017), electricity and telecommunication networks and those related to river floods and landslides (Nissen, and Ulbrich, 2017).…”