Integrated Bacterial and Fungal Diversity Analysis Reveals the Gut Microbial Alterations in Diarrheic Giraffes

Li, Aoyun; Liu, Bingxian; Li, Feiran; He, Yuanyuan; Wang, Lei; Kulyar, Muhammad Fakhar‐e‐Alam; Hua-de, LI; Fu, Yali; Zhu, Huaisen; Wang, Yaping; Jiang, Xiong

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.712092

Cited by 18 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Actinobacillus often colonizes the mucous membrane and causes inflammation, which can act as a reservoir for opportunistic infections ( 44 ). Terrisporobacter , an emerging anaerobic pathogen and acetobacterium, can cause surgical site infection ( 45 ). Among the top 8 beneficial bacteria, Prevotella is the most abundant genus in the colon of weaning piglets, and it is capable of metabolizing dietary fiber and producing SCFAs that are beneficial for intestinal health ( 46 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Superiority of Microencapsulated Essential Oils Compared With Common Essential Oils and Antibiotics: Effects on the Intestinal Health and Gut Microbiota of Weaning Piglet

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Nutr.

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Essential oils (EOs) have long been considered an alternative to antibiotics in the breeding industry. However, they are unstable and often present unpleasant odors, which hampers their application. Microencapsulation can protect the active gradients from oxidation and allow them to diffuse slowly in the gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of microencapsulation technology on the biological function of EOs and the possibility of using microencapsulate EOs (MEEOs) as an alternative to antibiotics in weaning piglets. First, we prepared MEEOs and common EOs both containing 2% thymol, 5% carvacrol and 3% cinnamaldehyde (w/w/w). Then, a total of 48 weaning piglets were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments: (1) basal diet; (2) 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline; (3) 100 mg/kg common EOs; (4) 500 mg/kg common EOs; (5) 100 mg/kg MEEOs; and (6) 500 mg/kg MEEO. The trial lasted 28 days. The results showed that piglets in the 100 mg/kg MEEOs group had the lowest diarrhea index during days 15–28 (P < 0.05). In addition, 100 mg/kg MEEOs significantly alleviated intestinal oxidative stress and inflammation (P < 0.05), whereas 500 mg/kg common EOs caused intestinal oxidative stress (P < 0.05) and may lead to intestinal damage through activation of inflammatory cytokine response. MEEOs (100 mg/kg) significantly reduced the ratio of the relative abundance of potential pathogenic and beneficial bacteria in the cecum and colon (P < 0.05), thus contributing to the maintenance of intestinal health. On the other hand, chlortetracycline caused an increase in the ratio of the relative abundance of potential pathogenic and beneficial bacteria in the colon (P < 0.05), which could potentially have adverse effects on the intestine. The addition of a high dose of MEEOs may have adverse effects on the intestine and may lead to diarrhea by increasing the level of colonic acetic acid (P < 0.05). Collectively, the results suggest that microencapsulation technology significantly promotes the positive effect of EOs on the intestinal health of weaning piglets and reduces the adverse effect of EOs, and 100 mg/kg MEEOs are recommended as a health promoter in piglets during the weaning period.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Superiority of Microencapsulated Essential Oils Compared With Common Essential Oils and Antibiotics: Effects on the Intestinal Health and Gut Microbiota of Weaning Piglet

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Nutr.

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“…Thus, gut microbial dysbiosis may influence the immunity and intestinal barrier function, which in turn increases the risk for other diseases. Some opportunistic pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, are residing as part of normal gut microbiota but may take opportunity to result in diseases in gut microbial dysbiosis and immunocompromised situations ( 63 , 64 ). Remarkably, this study also conveyed an important message that hydatidosis may be prevented through improving the quantity of beneficial bacteria in the intestine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations in the Gut Microbial Composition and Diversity of Tibetan Sheep Infected With Echinococcus granulosus

Liu

Yin

2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Hydatidosis/cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus is a parasitic zoonotic disease worldwide, threatening animal health and production and public health safety. However, it is still unclear that whether E. granulosus infection can result in the alteration of gut microbiota in Tibetan sheep. Therefore, a study was designed to investigate the influences of E. granulosus infection on gut microbiota of Tibetan sheep. A total of 10 ovine small intestinal contents (five from healthy and five from infected) were obtained and subjected to high-throughput sequencing by MiSeq platform. A total of 2,395,641 sequences and 585 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most dominant phyla in all samples. Moreover, the proportions of Armatimonadetes and Firmicutes in the infected Tibetan sheep were significantly decreased, whereas Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteria had significantly increased. At the genus level, the Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group were the predominant bacterial genera in all the samples. Furthermore, the healthy Tibetan sheep exhibited higher abundances of Intestinimonas, Butyrivibrio, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Ruminococcaceae, Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, Oxobacter, Prevotella_1, Ruminiclostridium_6, Coprococcus_1, Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-002, Olsenella, and Acetitomaculum, whereas Kocuria, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Slackia, Achromobacter, and Stenotrophomonas levels were lower. In conclusion, our results conveyed an information that E. granulosus infection may cause an increase in pathogenic bacteria and a decrease in beneficial bacteria. Additionally, a significant dynamical change in gut microbiota could be associated with E. granulosus infection.

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“…However, some intense stimuli and diseases such as heavy metals, antibiotics, and gastrointestinal diseases may destroy ecological balance and induce gut microbial dysbiosis ( 35 – 37 ). Li et al revealed reduced alpha diversity of gut microbiota in giraffes during diarrhea ( 18 ). Furthermore, He et al reported that the gut microbial diversity of piglets with diarrhea was significantly decreased ( 38 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, we observed that the proportions of Bacteroidetes, Fibrobacteres , and Verrucomicrobia in the gut microbial community of the horses were significantly increased during diarrhea. Interestingly, Li et al also reported that these bacterial phyla in the gut microbiota of diarrheic giraffes were significantly increased ( 18 ). For herbivores, Firmicutes participated in the degradation of cellulose, which is essential for nutrition and energy intake ( 44 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiota Between Healthy and Diarrheic Horses

Lan

Zhang

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Increasing evidence reveals the importance of gut microbiota in animals for regulating intestinal homeostasis, metabolism, and host health. The gut microbial community has been reported to be closely related to many diseases, but information regarding diarrheic influence on gut microbiota in horses remains scarce. This study investigated and compared gut microbial changes in horses during diarrhea. The results showed that the alpha diversity of gut microbiota in diarrheic horses decreased observably, accompanied by obvious shifts in taxonomic compositions. The dominant bacterial phyla (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, and Kiritimatiellaeota) and genera (uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiraceae, uncultured_bacterium_f_p-251-o5, Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group, and Treponema_2) in the healthy and diarrheic horses were same regardless of health status but different in abundances. Compared with the healthy horses, the relative abundances of Planctomycetes, Tenericutes, Firmicutes, Patescibacteria, and Proteobacteria in the diarrheic horses were observably decreased, whereas Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Fibrobacteres were dramatically increased. Moreover, diarrhea also resulted in a significant reduction in the proportions of 31 genera and a significant increase in the proportions of 14 genera. Taken together, this study demonstrated that the gut bacterial diversity and abundance of horses changed significantly during diarrhea. Additionally, these findings also demonstrated that the dysbiosis of gut microbiota may be an important driving factor of diarrhea in horses.

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Integrated Bacterial and Fungal Diversity Analysis Reveals the Gut Microbial Alterations in Diarrheic Giraffes

Cited by 18 publications

References 86 publications

Superiority of Microencapsulated Essential Oils Compared With Common Essential Oils and Antibiotics: Effects on the Intestinal Health and Gut Microbiota of Weaning Piglet

Superiority of Microencapsulated Essential Oils Compared With Common Essential Oils and Antibiotics: Effects on the Intestinal Health and Gut Microbiota of Weaning Piglet

Alterations in the Gut Microbial Composition and Diversity of Tibetan Sheep Infected With Echinococcus granulosus

Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiota Between Healthy and Diarrheic Horses

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