Integrated assessment of CO2 reduction technologies in China's cement industry

Abstract

a b s t r a c tThe main objective of this article is to evaluate CO 2 mitigation potential and to calculate costs avoided by the use of different CO 2 mitigation technologies in China's cement sector, namely energy efficiency improvements, use of alternative fuels, clinker substitution and carbon capture and storage (CCS). Three scenarios are designed based on the projection of cement output and technology development over the next 40 years (2010-2050). 2.5, 4.7 and 4.3 Gt tonnes of CO 2 will be saved totally in basic scenario and two low carbon scenarios up to 2050. By comparing these technologies along the scenarios, it can be concluded that CO 2 emissions can mainly be reduced by energy efficiency improvements and use of alternative fuels. Clinker substitution, which reduces the clinker-to-cement ratio as well as energy intensity, results in significant cost advantages. CCS, including post-combustion capture and oxy-fuel combustion capture, could play an important role in the capture of CO 2 in the cement industry, and is expected to be in commercial use by 2030.Crown

Cement industry greenhouse gas emissions – management options and abatement cost

“…carbon trade benefits in the form of additional revenues. However, many countries including China and the Nordic countries have included both oxy-combustion and CCS in their long-term plans up to 2050 to reduce cement sector emissions (Rootzen and Johnsson, 2015;Wang et al, 2014).…”

“…Also most of the technologies have an energy penalty associated with their operation. Considerable research effort is dedicated to reducing the cement production emissions in China, and accompanying investments in new kiln technologies have considerably reduced the CO 2 emissions per ton of cement from 2006 onwards Wang et al, 2014Wen et al, 2015;Hasanbeigi et al, 2013).…”

Mapping and modeling multiple benefits of energy efficiency and emission mitigation in China’s cement industry at the provincial level

“…fuel and electricity savings, fixed investment cost, operation and maintenance cost, lifetime, current implementation rate in base year and potential implementation rate up to 2030 and so on) are obtained from our recent study [33], as well as other sources such as LBNL [9,10,49], ERI of China [50,51], MIIT of China [52], and other institutes [8,19,44,53]. The costs of each energy efficiency measure are priced at 2005 $, with currency conversion factors derived from OECD Stat Extracts [34].…”

“…Although adopting above different forecasting methods, several studies have indicated a similar trend for future cement production in China. Cement production is expected to continue to rise with a moderate growth rate until saturation occurs in 2015-2020 and decreases afterwards [1,7,8,32]. In our study, we forecast the future outputs of cement and clinker at provincial level between 2010 and 2030 using the peak consumption per capita method.…”

“…Several approaches have been used to assess the possibilities of potentials for energy savings and emission mitigation, and to trace the impacts for key characteristics of China's cement industry, such as the future outputs of cement and clinker [5,6], rates of efficiency improvement [1,7], cost of energy efficiency measures [6], substitution of fuels and clinker [8]. Energy Conservation Supply Curves (ECSC) has been widely accepted as a standard tool in policy analysis to capture the cost effectiveness and technical potential for energy saving and CO 2 emission reduction in cement industry at both national and local levels [9][10][11].…”