Integrated and Metal Free Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate and Glycidol from Glycerol Derived 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol via CO2 Capture

Abstract

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and glycidol are considered industrially important chemical entities and there is a great benefit if these moieties can be synthesized from biomass-derived feedstocks such as glycerol or its derivatives. In this report, both DMC and glycidol were synthesized in an integrated process from glycerol derived 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol and CO2 through a metal-free reaction approach and at mild reaction conditions. Initially, the chlorinated cyclic carbonate, i.e., 3-chloro-1,2-propylenecarbonate was synthesized using the equivalent interaction of organic superbase 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU) and 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol with CO2 at room temperature. Further, DMC and glycidol were synthesized by the base-catalyzed transesterification of 3-chloro-1,2-propylenecarbonate using DBU in methanol. The synthesis of 3-chloro-1,2-propylenecarbonate was performed in different solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-Me-THF). In this case, 2-Me-THF further facilitated an easy separation of the product where a 97% recovery of the 3-chloro-1,2-propylenecarbonate was obtained compared to 63% with DMSO. The use of DBU as the base in the transformation of 3-chloro-1,2-propylenecarbonate further facilitates the conversion of the 3-chloro-1,2 propandiol that forms in situ during the transesterification process. Hence, in this synthetic approach, DBU not only eased the CO2 capture and served as a base catalyst in the transesterification process, but it also performed as a reservoir for chloride ions, which further facilitates the synthesis of 3-chloro-1,2-propylenecarbonate and glycidol in the overall process. The separation of the reaction components proceeded through the solvent extraction technique where a 93 and 89% recovery of the DMC and glycidol, respectively, were obtained. The DBU superbase was recovered from its chlorinated salt, [DBUH][Cl], via a neutralization technique. The progress of the reactions as well as the purity of the recovered chemical species was confirmed by means of the NMR analysis technique. Hence, a single base, as well as a renewable solvent comprising an integrated process approach was carried out under mild reaction conditions where CO2 sequestration along with industrially important chemicals such as dimethyl carbonate and glycidol were synthesized.

Utilization of CO2-Available Organocatalysts for Reactions with Industrially Important Epoxides

“…The utilization of tandem reactions such as the one-pot production of cyclic carbonates starting directly from biobased unsaturated fatty acids esters [8], the one-pot production of ethylene carbonate from ethylene produced by low-energy-demanding methods [2,108] or the production of HMEC from chlorinated bio-based glycerol [109] seems to be very promising for effective CO 2 fixation.…”

A Review of Catalysts for Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate

“…In this study, CO 2 was captured at room temperature and catalyzed into valuable chemicals. This idea of catalyst design with SIL provides a new research idea for the capture and utilization of carbon dioxide [80,81].…”