Integral/Structural Polymer Foams

Shutov, Fjodor A.; Henrici‐Olivé, G.; Olivé, S.

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-02486-7

Cited by 59 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…It is not likely to involve the blowing of a molten polymer as in the manufacture of Styrofoam™ and polyurethane foams (Shutov, 1986). Such processes require a gaseous blowing agent and, practiced underwater, would produce a material with undesirable buoyancy.…”

Section: +mentioning

confidence: 99%

The tube cement of Phragmatopoma californica: a solid foam

Stewart

Weaver

Morse

et al. 2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

231

265

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SUMMARY Phragmatopoma californica is a marine polychaete that builds protective tubes by joining bits of shell and sand grains with a secreted proteinaceous cement. The cement forms a solid foam (closed cells) via covalent crosslinking, as revealed by electron and laser scanning confocal microscopy. The cement contains extractable calcium and magnesium,and non-extractable phosphorus. Amino acid analysis demonstrated that the phosphorus is in the form of phosphoserine and that >90% of serine in the cement (i.e. 28 mol% of residues) is phosphorylated. In addition to previously identified basic proteins, the cement contains a highly acidic polyphosphoserine protein as a major component. We propose a model for the structure and bonding mechanism of the cement that has the following major features: (1) within the secretory pathway of cement gland cells, the electrostatic association of the oppositely charged proteins and divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) condense the cement proteins into dehydrated secretory granules; (2) the condensation of the cement leads to the separation of the solution into two aqueous phases (complex coacervation) that creates the closed cell foam structure of the cement; (3)rehydration of the condensed cement granules after deposition onto tube particles contributes to the displacement of water from the mineral substrate to facilitate underwater adhesion; and (4) after secretion, covalent cross-linking through oxidative coupling of DOPA gradually solidifies the continuous phase of the cement to set the porous structure.

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Section: +mentioning

confidence: 99%

The tube cement of Phragmatopoma californica: a solid foam

Stewart

Weaver

Morse

et al. 2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

231

265

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“…The term structural/integral foam has been defined as flexible or rigid foams having a foamed core which gradually transforms to solid skins (27), but is used here to refer to those rigid foams produced at greater than about 320 kg/m 3 density having holes in a foamed core with solid skins rather than a typical lower density structure of pentagonal dodecahedron type (28).…”

Section: Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foamed Plastics

Suh

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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This article is concerned with the general theory of expansion, manufacturing processes, properties, and applications of foamed (cellular) plastics. The high strength‐to‐weight ratio, excellent insulating properties, and cushioning properties of cellular plastics have contributed to the development and growth of the broad range of cellular plastics in use. The total usage of foamed plastics in the United States has risen from 441 thousand metric tons in 1967 to 1.6 million metric tons in 1982 and has been projected to rise to about 2.8 million metric tons in 1995. The manufacturing processes for cellular polymers are described in terms of three classified methods based on the cell growth and stabilization processes. The properties of cellular plastics including mechanical, thermal, electrical, and environmental aging properties, are summarized. A general discussion is given on the properties of cellular plastic necessary in many applications such as the comfort cushioning, thermal insulation, packaging, structural components, buoyancy, electrical insulation, and space‐filling markets. A brief discussion is also given on the process economics, raw materials, and energy considerations for the commercial products of primary importance.

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“…In practice, density and cell size interact for a given system; density changes linearly to wall thickness and nonlinearly to cell size [12]. The critical or minimum wall thickness attainable is a function of starting polymer, blowing agent, and the foaming process.…”

Section: Spatial Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%