Integral indicators of the swimming techniques effectiveness of highly qualified crawl-stroke swimmers

Abstract

It is known that prominent world-class swimmers are characterized by the manifestation of specific abilities. These abilities allow to constantly maintain a stable speed swimming of different segments of the distance. In this case, highly qualified swimmers can increase the maximum speed of swimming on a segment of a given length. They achieve this by increasing the total external mechanical power. In this case, swimmers keep, and in some cases even reduce the power of the stroke. It is implemented the phase-specific principle of creating driving forces during each phase. At the same time, the principle of creating driving forces is common to all swimming locomotion. The article gives a rationale for the effectiveness of the integral criterion application for evaluating swimming techniques. The integral criterion for evaluating the swimming technique was applied at remote speeds of the entire spectrum of the competitive front crawl swimming program. Material . The study involved 9 highly qualified crawl-stroke swimmers, members of Russia national team. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 24 years. It is studied the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of the front crawl swimming technique of highly qualified athletes at various competitive distances. The studies applied video recording of swimmer’s movements with OLYMPUS TG-5 camera (Vietnam) from a depth of 4.5 m. Three luminous markers located on the swimmer’s hips were applied to record the dynamic parameters of swimmer’s movements. The results of the swims were processed with Natatometry™ (Russia). Results . It was determined that swimmers demonstrated high indices of the intra-cyclic dynamic index (ICDI - Intra Cycle Dynamic Index) and the dynamic coordination index of the swimming cycle (DCI - Dynamic Coordination Index) at speeds in medium distances relative to speeds at sprint distances. Swimmers demonstrate the ability to generate a significant amount of promotional efforts at 100 m distance that ensure the achievement of high speeds. It is established that no general trends in ICDI changes in individual structural phases of the stroke. This indicates the demonstration of individual specific features in the swimming technique of each athlete. Conclusion . It is considered the feasibility of applying the integral indicators ICDI and DCI for a quantitative assessment of the intra cycle promotion forces interaction and hydrodynamic resistance forces arising at the level of an integral biomechanical system of the swimming cycle.

Intracycle Velocity Variation in Swimming: A Systematic Scoping Review

“…Sixty-eight trials were considered for judging risk of bias, with 20 [ 6 , 20 , 28 , 36 , 37 , 40 , 41 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 ] and 48 considered as having overall low and high risk (respectively). The selection of participants showed a low risk of bias for 79% of the trials due to the overall purpose of evaluating competitive swimmers ( Figure 2 ).…”

“…Trials also related IVV with coordination [ 28 , 29 , 95 ], swimming economy [ 42 , 92 ], fatigue [ 28 , 29 , 95 , 121 , 128 ], technique [ 24 , 93 , 120 ] and velocity [ 125 ]. Thus, IVV was included in methodological approaches [ 15 , 16 , 89 , 96 , 100 ], dynamical systems approaches [ 85 , 102 , 114 , 122 ] and training interventional trials [ 29 , 98 , 101 , 109 , 115 ]. No conflicting interests were declared or were not addressed by 34 and 66% of the trials.…”

“…Some authors clearly state that this anatomic point should not be used in this kind of assessment [ 16 , 19 , 20 ] because it greatly overestimates the swimmer’s real variation in velocity [ 15 , 17 ]. Other trials aimed to validate methods to quantify and express IVV [ 10 , 86 , 87 , 89 , 96 ]. When applying dynamical system approaches to swimming, nonlinear properties can be observed [ 114 ], with their magnitude differing according to the swimming technique and the swimmer’s level.…”

“…The included trials used distinct evaluation protocols, with some analysing nonbreathing cycles [ 15 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 31 , 32 , 85 , 93 , 96 , 104 , 105 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 127 ] and other not reporting the breathing condition or the inclusion of a specific space in which the participants were not allowed to breathe [ 3 , 6 , 10 , 16 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 30 , 31 , 33 , 36 , 37 , 42 , 85 , 87 , 88 , 90 , 91 , 93 , 95 , 104 , 107 , 108 , 111 , 112 , 115 , 116 , 122 , 124 , 126 , …”

The Impact of the Development of Modern Biotechnology and Nanotechnology on the Swimming Sports Industry

“…In the composition system of sports performance, there are competitive factors such as human body, psychology, and technology; life factors such as nutrition, diet, rest, and rehabilitation; and instrumental factors such as tools and device, sportswear, and equipment. erefore, it is only possible to comprehensively improve the composition of the sports performance system by pushing all the factors that make up the sports performance system to science [14].…”