Intake of Inorganic Arsenic in the North American Diet

Yost, Lisa J.; Schoof, Rosalind A.; Aucoin, Richard R.

doi:10.1080/10807039891284244

Cited by 105 publications

(62 citation statements)

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“…The percentage of iAs in foods of terrestrial origin varies and is dependent on growing conditions, water used and the geographic area among other factors (Fontcuberta et al, 2011). Different percentages of iAs in foods of terrestrial origin have been described in the literature, with accepted values between 25% and 100% of the tAs (Yost et al, 1998;HKTDS, 2012). Based on the available literature and the 2009 EFSA opinion, for foods of terrestrial origin the mean estimated iAs content was generated by combining the samples with reported values for iAs with those where iAs was derived from the reported tAs by applying a conversion factor of 70%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population

2014

EFS2

144

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Arsenic is a ubiquitous metalloid present at low concentrations in rocks, soil and natural ground water. A total of 103 773 food samples (including drinking water) were used to calculate dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs). Of these, 101 020 were based on total arsenic (tAs) and 2 753 on iAs. Among the reported results on tAs, 66.1 % were below the limit of detection or quantification (left-censored); for the reported data on iAs the percentage of left-censored data was 41.9 %. Most of the data (92.5 %) reported as tAs were converted to iAs using different approaches before calculating dietary exposure to iAs. The EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database was used to estimate chronic dietary exposure to iAs using 28 surveys from 17 European countries. According to the scenarios used for the treatment of left-censored data, mean dietary exposure among infants, toddlers and other children ranged from 0.20 to 1.37 μg/kg b.w. per day, while the 95 th percentile dietary exposure estimates ranged from 0.36 to 2.09 μg/kg b.w. per day. Mean dietary exposure among the adult population (including adults, elderly and very elderly) ranged from 0.09 to 0.38 μg/kg b.w. per day, and 95 th percentile dietary exposure estimates ranged from 0.14 to 0.64 μg/kg b.w. per day. For all the age classes except infants and toddlers, the main contributor to dietary exposure to iAs was the food group 'Grain-based processed products (non rice-based)', in particular, wheat bread and rolls. Other food groups that were important contributors to iAs exposure were rice, milk and dairy products (main contributor in infants and toddlers), and drinking water. The most important sources of uncertainty in the present assessment are related to the heterogeneity of the food consumption data, the conversion of tAs into iAs and to the treatment of the leftcensored data. SUMMARYThe current report provides information on the levels of arsenic (total arsenic (tAs) and inorganic arsenic (iAs)) found in a range of foods on the European market classified according to the FoodEx classification system (EFSA, 2011a). In addition, it provides estimates of chronic dietary exposure to iAs in Europe using individual consumption data from the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database (EFSA, 2011b).Arsenic is a ubiquitous metalloid present at low concentrations in rocks, soil and natural ground water. In natural ground water, arsenic is typically present in inorganic forms (As(III), As(V) or a combination of both); organic forms are rare in water as they are the result of biological activity. Although dermal and inhalation exposure is possible, food and drinking water are the principal routes of exposure to arsenic (WHO, 2011a; IARC, 2012). Organic arsenic species such as arsenobetaine and different arsenosugars are the most common forms in seafood while in foods of terrestrial origin the predominant arsenic forms are iAs (both As(V) and As(III)) and single methylated arsenic species (methylarsonate, methylarsenite and dimethyla...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The important role of rice in the overall exposure to iAs is recognized elsewhere (Yost et al, 1998;Fontcuberta et al, 2011;Cheng at al., 2013). Rice is a staple food for nearly one-half of the world's population and is consumed in high amounts by some specific populations.…”

Section: Comparison With the 2009 Efsa Scientific Opinionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population

2014

EFS2

144

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“…The present study used total arsenic content of food combined with data on the fraction of the inorganic portion to estimate intakes. Specifically, it was assumed that a fixed percentage of total dietary arsenic is in inorganic forms, based on the study by Yost et al (1998). Furthermore, the present study used a more recent data source, NHEXAS-V survey (conducted in 1995-1997), to estimate dietary intakes of total inorganic arsenic than the study of Meacher et al, where the data of the CSFII 1989-1991 survey were used.…”

Section: Comparisons Of Total Inorganic Arsenic Intake Predictions Wimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• On the basis of the results of the study by Yost et al (1998), approximately 39% (for infants) and 26% (for adults) of dietary arsenic intakes were assumed to be in inorganic forms, so as to be consistent with the assumptions regarding food intake in MENTOR-4M calculations. To adjust for contribution of dietary intake of organic arsenic in the MENTOR-4M simulations, it is assumed that 65% of organic arsenic intake is excreted in urine samples according to data reported in ATSDR (2005).…”

Section: Comparisons Of Predicted Total Arsenic Concentrations In Urimentioning

confidence: 99%

Biologically based modeling of multimedia, multipathway, multiroute population exposures to arsenic

Georgopoulos

Wang

et al. 2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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This article presents an integrated, biologically based, source-to-dose assessment framework for modeling multimedia/multipathway/multiroute exposures to arsenic. Case studies demonstrating this framework are presented for three US counties (Hunderton County, NJ; Pima County, AZ; and Franklin County, OH), representing substantially different conditions of exposure. The approach taken utilizes the Modeling ENvironment for TOtal Risk studies (MENTOR) in an implementation that incorporates and extends the approach pioneered by Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS), in conjunction with a number of available databases, including NATA, NHEXAS, CSFII, and CHAD, and extends modeling techniques that have been developed in recent years. Model results indicate that, in most cases, the food intake pathway is the dominant contributor to total exposure and dose to arsenic. Model predictions are evaluated qualitatively by comparing distributions of predicted total arsenic amounts in urine with those derived using biomarker measurements from the NHEXAS -Region V study: the population distributions of urinary total arsenic levels calculated through MENTOR and from the NHEXAS measurements are in general qualitative agreement. Observed differences are due to various factors, such as interindividual variation in arsenic metabolism in humans, that are not fully accounted for in the current model implementation but can be incorporated in the future, in the open framework of MENTOR. The present study demonstrates that integrated source-to-dose modeling for arsenic can not only provide estimates of the relative contributions of multipathway exposure routes to the total exposure estimates, but can also estimate internal target tissue doses for speciated organic and inorganic arsenic, which can eventually be used to improve evaluation of health risks associated with exposures to arsenic from multiple sources, routes, and pathways.

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“…Therefore, total consumption of inorganic As over 120 μg compared to an estimated daily intake of 12 -14 μg inorganic As from diets of North American population. 43 Thus, exposure to inorganic As may give rise to several chronic health effects in these studied endemic areas.…”

Section: ×100mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic Arsenic Speciation in Groundwater Samples Using Electrothermal Atomic Spectrometry Following Selective Separation and Cloud Point Extraction

et al. 2011

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A method has been developed for speciation of total, total inorganic and organic arsenic (As) species in groundwater samples. The inorganic species of As (III,V) were separated from organic forms by adsorbing on alumina (Al2O3) whereas the organic As was eluted out. The retained inorganic As species was eluted by 0.2 M HCl. Then eluent As III and As V were formed as complexes with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) and molybdate, respectively. Then As III -PDC and As V -molybdate complexes were quantitatively extracted into a non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114. The total As was determined by conventional preconcentration procedures. The resulting solutions of each method were determined by ETAAS with modifier. The main factors affecting the separation and cloud point extraction (CPE) were investigated in detail. The limits of detection values were found as 0.04 and 0.20 μg L -1 for As III and As V , respectively, whereas limits of quantification were observed as 0.13 and 0.33 μg L -1 for As III and As V , respectively. Standard addition method confirmed the accuracy. The recoveries of As III and As V were found in the range of 98 -99%. The proposed method was applied to groundwater samples collected from different areas of Sukkur district.

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Intake of Inorganic Arsenic in the North American Diet

Cited by 105 publications

References 0 publications

Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population

Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population

Biologically based modeling of multimedia, multipathway, multiroute population exposures to arsenic

Inorganic Arsenic Speciation in Groundwater Samples Using Electrothermal Atomic Spectrometry Following Selective Separation and Cloud Point Extraction

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