Intact performance on an indirect measure of race bias following amygdala damage

Phelps, Elizabeth A.; Cannistraci, Christopher J.; Cunningham, William A.

doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00150-1

Cited by 89 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The joint contribution of automatic and controlled processes to IAT performance has been reflected in fMRI studies of this topic (for lesion studies using the IAT see Milne and Grafman (2001); Phelps et al, 2003). Previous neural research that combines the IAT and fMRI usually takes one of two approaches.…”

Section: Previous Neuroimaging Research Using the Iatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the IAT is one of the most popular behavioral measures of automatic (or implicit) attitudes, particularly for prejudice (Fazio and Olson, 2003), behavioral and modeling research suggests that IAT performance reflects both automatic and controlled processes (Conrey et al, 2005;Sherman et al, 2008). Previous fMRI studies involving the IAT are consistent with this view; significant activation has been found in regions associated with automatic processing, such as the amygdala (Cunningham et al, 2004;Phelps et al, (2000) although see Phelps et al, (2003) for evidence that amygdala is not critical for implicit racial bias) as well as controlled processing such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Richeson et al, 2003), middle frontal gyrus (Knutson et al, 2007), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (Luo et al, 2006), and cingulate gyrus (Luo et al, 2006). The proposed research builds on this work by applying the Quadruple Process model (Quad model; Conrey et al, 2005;Sherman et al, 2008) to the interpretation of IAT performance in an fMRI environment, in order to examine the neural correlates of specific automatic and controlled processes that contribute to prejudice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In other words, automatic associations may not be expressed because of controlled processing. In order to address the problematic behavioral measurement of automatic aspects of attitudes, a small amount of neural research interested in the neural systems underlying prejudice has drawn on the Implicit Association Test (IAT: Greenwald et al, 1998) (Chee et al, 2000;Cunningham et al, 2004;Knutson et al, 2006;2007;Luo et al, 2006;Phelps et al, 2003;Phelps et al, 2000;Richeson et al, 2003). Although the IAT is one of the most popular behavioral measures of automatic (or implicit) attitudes, particularly for prejudice (Fazio and Olson, 2003), behavioral and modeling research suggests that IAT performance reflects both automatic and controlled processes (Conrey et al, 2005;Sherman et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Quadruple Process model approach to examining the neural underpinnings of prejudice

et al. 2008

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Section: Previous Neuroimaging Research Using the Iatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Quadruple Process model approach to examining the neural underpinnings of prejudice

et al. 2008

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“…Similar decoupling between affect and the race IAT effect has also been reported in a recent neuropsychological study. Phelps, Cannistraci, and Cunningham (2003) tested patients with bilateral amygdala damage on the race IAT. On the assumption that damage to the amygdala impairs evaluations of affect, with unfamiliar black and white faces as stimuli (as in Experiment 1 of Phelps et al, 2000), the affect-based interpretation of the race IAT effect predicts little or reduced prowhite bias in these patients.…”

Section: Brain Imaging and Neuropsychological Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Does the compatibility effect in the race Implicit Association Test reflect familiarity or affect?

Kinoshita

Peek-O'Leary

2005

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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make speeded classification of two kinds of stimuli: targets and attributes. The target categories comprise the concepts of interestfor example, black Americans versus white Americans or flowers versus insects. In target classification, subjects are asked to classify exemplar stimuli (e.g., first names, such as Meredith, Alan, Ebony, or Jamal, or photographs of white Americans and black Americans) into the target categories. The attributes involve an evaluative dimension, such as pleasant versus unpleasant, and subjects classify stimuli (e.g., words such as love, peace, abuse, or disaster) into the attribute categories. The critical phase of the task involves the blocks in which the target and attribute classification trials are interleaved. In this phase, the assignment of responses to the target and attribute categories may be arranged so that they are "compatible"; for example, the flower and pleasant categories are assigned the right-hand key and the insect and unpleasant categories are assigned the left-hand key. Alternatively, the response assignment may be "incompatible" (where the flower and unpleasant categories are assigned the same key and the insect and pleasant categories are assigned the other key). The IAT effect refers to the faster (as well as more accurate) responses in the compatible block than in the incompatible block, typically on the order of 100-200 msec, and is assumed to reflect the more positive evaluation of one target category (e.g., flowers) than the other (e.g., insects).The IAT has rapidly gained a large following among social cognition researchers as a measure of "implicit" attitude. Indeed, in the IAT, subjects are not explicitly required to evaluate their preference toward the target categories (e.g., white vs. black Americans); instead, the IAT effect emerges indirectly. Also, unlike the traditional selfreport measures which are open to self-presentational forces like social desirability and political correctness, the IAT affords little opportunity for deliberate, intentional strategies to influence performance (see Kim, 2003, for a demonstration that instructing subjects to pretend that they liked one category more than the other did not change the size or direction of the IAT effect). These features of the IAT support the claim that it is an "implicit" measure. However, it is not clear whether the IAT actually taps valence (positive or negative evaluation). In this article, we review the evidence that has been used to argue the case that the IAT effect observed with race is based on affective valence. To anticipate our conclusion, we will argue that the case is weak and suggest that the race IAT effect is instead based on relative familiarity of one category (e.g., white) over the other (e.g., black).Before turning to the review, we raise a theoretical issue that motivated our analysis, one with broad implications for research on implicit attitude in general. It concerns the definition of implicit attitude. The term implicit has many senses, and social psychologists have gen...

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“…The rapid (2) and implicit (3-5) nature of trustworthiness evaluations suggests a reliance on automatic processes, such as previously stored social preferences, which do not require conscious reflection to be expressed. Supporting this, the amygdala, a subcortical group of nuclei involved in automatic processing of emotional stimuli and fear learning (18), has been implicated in both trustworthiness evaluations (3,4) and the expression of race-related implicit biases (19)(20)(21) [although it is not necessary for the behavioral expression of race-related implicit bias (22)]. Other research has shown that in economic decision making, social information pertaining to a partner's moral character modulates reward-related blood oxygen level-dependent responses, even when participants explicitly know that the partner's moral character does not predict cooperativeness (7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit race attitudes predict trustworthiness judgments and economic trust decisions

Stanley

Sokol‐Hessner

Banaji

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

237

210

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Trust lies at the heart of every social interaction. Each day we face decisions in which we must accurately assess another individual's trustworthiness or risk suffering very real consequences. In a global marketplace of increasing heterogeneity with respect to nationality, race, and multiple other social categories, it is of great value to understand how implicitly held attitudes about group membership may support or undermine social trust and thereby implicitly shape the decisions we make. Recent behavioral and neuroimaging work suggests that a common mechanism may underlie the expression of implicit race bias and evaluations of trustworthiness, although no direct evidence of a connection exists. In two behavioral studies, we investigated the relationship between implicit race attitude (as measured by the Implicit Association Test) and social trust. We demonstrate that race disparity in both an individual's explicit evaluations of trustworthiness and, more crucially, his or her economic decisions to trust is predicted by that person's bias in implicit race attitude. Importantly, this relationship is robust and is independent of the individual's bias in explicit race attitude. These data demonstrate that the extent to which an individual invests in and trusts others with different racial backgrounds is related to the magnitude of that individual's implicit race bias. The core dimension of social trust can be shaped, to some degree, by attitudes that reside outside conscious awareness and intention.

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Intact performance on an indirect measure of race bias following amygdala damage

Cited by 89 publications

References 22 publications

The Quadruple Process model approach to examining the neural underpinnings of prejudice

The Quadruple Process model approach to examining the neural underpinnings of prejudice

Does the compatibility effect in the race Implicit Association Test reflect familiarity or affect?

Implicit race attitudes predict trustworthiness judgments and economic trust decisions

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