Intact Membrane Lipids of “ Candidatus Nitrosopumilus maritimus,” a Cultivated Representative of the Cosmopolitan Mesophilic Group I Crenarchaeota

Abstract

In this study we analyzed the membrane lipid composition of "Candidatus Nitrosopumilus maritimus," the only cultivated representative of the cosmopolitan group I crenarchaeota and the only mesophilic isolate of the phylum Crenarchaeota. The core lipids of "Ca. Nitrosopumilus maritimus" consisted of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) with zero to four cyclopentyl moieties. Crenarchaeol, a unique GDGT containing a cyclohexyl moiety in addition to four cyclopentyl moieties, was the most abundant GDGT. This confirms unambiguously that crenarchaeol is synthesized by species belonging to the group I.1a crenarchaeota. Intact polar lipid analysis revealed that the GDGTs have hexose, dihexose, and/or phosphohexose head groups. Similar polar lipids were previously found in deeply buried sediments from the Peru margin, suggesting that they were in part synthesized by group I crenarchaeota.

Intact polar and core glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether lipids in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone. Part II: Selective preservation and degradation in sediments and consequences for the TEX86

“…5). Nevertheless, the TEX 86 of IPL-derived GDGTs was consistently higher than that of the CL-GDGTs, which has been observed previously in other settings (Schubotz et al, 2009;Lipp and Hinrichs, 2009 Schouten et al (2008) and reported that GDGT-1 is mainly associated with the HPHIPLs while GDGT-2, -3 and -4 are mainly associated with the DH-headgroup in (enrichment) cultures of Thaumarchaeota. A more rapid lysis of the HPH-GDGTs, as observed in this study and that of Schouten et al (2012), will preferentially remove GDGT-1 from the pool of IPLGDGTs and bring it into the pool of CL-GDGTs.…”

“…Lipp and Hinrichs, 2009;Liu et al, 2011). Ammonia-oxidizing Archaea, whose IPLs consist mainly of GDGTs with MH-, DH-and HPH-as well as an unknown headgroup (Sinninghe Damsté et al, 2002b;Schouten et al, 2008;Pitcher et al, 2010, are ubiquitous and active in marine surface sediments (Francis et al, 2005;Caffrey et al, 2007;Park et al, 2008Park et al, , 2010. Since archaeal ammonia-oxidation proceeds aerobically (Kö nneke et al, 2005;Hatzenpichler et al, 2008;Erguder et al, 2009;Park et al, 2010) and also in environments with low oxygen concentrations ranging from <3 lM to 0.2 mM, we expected in situ production of crenarchaeol-IPLs in (sub-) surface layers where low amounts of oxygen were still present, i.e.…”

“…For the isolation of particular IPL-GDGTs, repetitive preparative HPLC was used as described previously in Schouten et al (2008). Bligh Dyer extracts of ca.…”

“…Most of the cultivated Crenarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota produce tetraether lipids consisting of two back-to-back linked diethers (glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers, GDGTs) which can have varying numbers of cyclopentane moieties (Macalady et al, 2004;Koga and Morii, 2005;Schouten et al, 2008;Pitcher et al, 2010). Thaumarchaeota contain in addition a specific GDGT, crenarchaeol, which contains not only cyclopentane moieties but also one cyclohexane moiety (Sinninghe Damsté et al, 2002b).…”

Niche segregation of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and anammox bacteria in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone

“…IPLs were extracted from freeze-dried filters using a modified Bligh and Dyer technique (Bligh and Dyer, 1959) as described by Schouten et al (2008). Analysis of crenarchaeol-based IPLs (crenarchaeol-hexose, crenarchaeol-dihexose, crenarchaeol-hexose-phosphohexose, crenarchaeol-hexose-'176', crenarchaeol-dihexose-'176'; '176' represents an unknown headgroup with a mass of 176 Da) and crenarchaeol-hexose-'180' (representing a major IPL in Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1; Prosser and Nicol, 2008) was achieved by HPLC/electrospray ionization/MS/MS in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode using chromatographic conditions and source settings as described by Schouten et al (2008).…”