“…Nanostructured electrodes provide additional advantages such as improved electrical properties (Keefer et al, 2008; Cellot et al, 2009; Martin et al, 2010; Ansaldo et al, 2011; Duan et al, 2012), shorter cell-to-electrode distance (Tian et al, 2010; Duan et al, 2012; Xie et al, 2012), as well as a better spatial resolution. They also have a potential for less tissue damage (Almquist and Melosh, 2010; Martin et al, 2010; Tian et al, 2010; Duan et al, 2012), better biocompatibility (Hallstrom et al, 2007; Kim et al, 2007; Martin et al, 2010; Berthing et al, 2011) and new functionalities, such as selective guidance of neuronal fibers (Hallstrom et al, 2009). Importantly, recent cell signal recordings with different nanowire-based electrodes have been achieved in vitro (Tian et al, 2010; Timko et al, 2010; Brueggemann et al, 2011; Dvir et al, 2011; Duan et al, 2012; Robinson et al, 2012; Xie et al, 2012), demonstrating the epitaxially grown wires of small diameter may provide minimally invasive tissue penetration (Kawano et al, 2010; Takei et al, 2010; Tian et al, 2010; Duan et al, 2012; Xie et al, 2012).…”