Intact and impaired cognitive-control processes in schizophrenia

Smith, Edward E.; Eich, Teal S.; Cebenoyan, Deniz; Malapani, Chariklia

doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.022

Cited by 29 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Thus, even when the memory load is significantly increased, OCD subjects perform like healthy controls. These results contrast with those from people with schizophrenia, who demonstrate clear deficits on this task (Eich et al, 2014; Smith et al, 2011). Performance on working memory tasks like this one may therefore serve as an objective way to dissociate these two disorders (Abbruzzese, Ferri, & Scarone, 1997; Cavallaro et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 94%

“…Nee & Jonides (2008b) found that selection failure was greater in Suppress than Ignore in healthy younger adults, and that this difference could not be attributed to the overall difficulty of the tasks. In people with schizophrenia, we previously found that the difference-score was not significantly different for HCs and people with schizophrenia in the Ignore task (32.50 vs. 21.44 ms, respectively); however it was significantly different in the Suppress task (278.36 vs. 178.51 ms, respectively), suggesting breakdowns in cognitive control for information already in working memory in people with schizophrenia (Eich, Nee, Insel, Malapani, & Smith, 2014; Smith et al, 2011). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Experimental tasks were delivered by computer and presented using E-Prime software (Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA). The stimuli consisted of 80 four-letter nouns that have been used in previous studies with this paradigm (Nee & Jonides, 2008b, 2009; Smith, Eich, Cebenoyan, & Malapani, 2011). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing neurocognitive function in psychiatric disorders: A roadmap for enhancing consensus

Ahmari

Eich

Cebenoyan

et al. 2014

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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It has been challenging to identify core neurocognitive deficits that are consistent across multiple studies in patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). In turn, this leads to difficulty in translating findings from human studies into animal models to dissect pathophysiology. In this article, we use primary data from a working memory task in OCD patients to illustrate this issue. Working memory deficiencies have been proposed as an explanatory model for the evolution of checking compulsions in a subset of OCD patients. However, findings have been mixed due to variability in task design, examination of spatial vs. verbal working memory, and heterogeneity in patient populations. Two major questions therefore remain: first, do OCD patients have disturbances in working memory? Second, if there are working memory deficits in OCD, do they cause checking compulsions?. In order to investigate these questions, we tested 19 unmedicated OCD patients and 23 matched healthy controls using a verbal working memory task that has increased difficulty/task-load compared to classic digit-span tasks. OCD patients did not significantly differ in their performance on this task compared to healthy controls, regardless of the outcome measure used (i.e. reaction time or accuracy). Exploratory analyses suggest that a subset of patients with predominant doubt/checking symptoms may have decreased memory confidence despite normal performance on trials with the highest working memory load. These results suggest that other etiologic factors for checking compulsions should be considered. In addition, they serve as a touchstone for discussion, and therefore help us to generate a roadmap for increasing consensus in the assessment of neurocognitive function in psychiatric disorders.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 94%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Assessing neurocognitive function in psychiatric disorders: A roadmap for enhancing consensus

Ahmari

Eich

Cebenoyan

et al. 2014

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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“…To help address this issue, we previously examined patients with SZ and healthy controls (HCs) in a task that dissociated two forms of cognitive control over WM (26). We compared the filtering of irrelevant distractors before items entered WM and the inhibition of irrelevant distractors after information had entered WM (27, 28).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Correlates of Impaired Cognitive Control over Working Memory in Schizophrenia

Eich

Nee

Insel

et al. 2014

Biological Psychiatry

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Background One of the most common deficits in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) is in working memory (WM), which has wide-reaching impacts across cognition. However, prior approaches to studying WM in SZ have employed tasks that require multiple cognitive-control processes, making it difficult to determine which specific cognitive and neural processes underlie the WM impairment. Methods We used fMRI to investigate component processes of WM in SZ. Eighteen healthy controls (HCs) and 18 patients with SZ performed an item-recognition task that permitted separate neural assessments of 1) WM maintenance, 2) inhibition, and 3) interference-control in response to recognition probes. Results Prior to inhibitory demands, posterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), an area involved in WM maintenance, was activated to a similar degree in both HCs and patients, indicating preserved maintenance operations in SZ. When cued to inhibit items from WM, HCs showed reduced activation in posterior VLPFC, commensurate with appropriately inhibiting items from WM. However, these inhibition-related reductions were absent in patients. When later probed with items that should have been inhibited, patients showed reduced behavioral performance and increased activation in mid-VLPFC, an area implicated in interference-control. A mediation analysis indicated that impaired inhibition led to increased reliance on interference-control and reduced behavioral performance. Conclusions In SZ, impaired control over memory, manifested through proactive inhibitory deficits, leads to increased reliance on reactive interference-control processes. The strain on interference-control processes results in reduced behavioral performance. Thus, inhibitory deficits in SZ may underlie widespread impairments in WM and cognition.

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“…A substantial body of work has revealed that patients with schizophrenia exhibit abnormal PFC profiles marked by either lower or inefficient frontal cortex function in response to tasks that require cognitive or affective inhibition (e.g., Perlstein et al, 2003; Koike et al, 2013; Eich et al, 2014), but not perceptual filtering (e.g., Smith et al, 2011). Furthermore, a simultaneous analysis of global anatomical and functional connectivity has revealed both lower structural connectivity and diminished coherence (i.e., either abnormally increased or decreased connections) in functional connectivity among different brain regions in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, relative to healthy control subjects, that was predictive of symptom severity (Skudlarski et al, 2010).…”

Section: Neural Mechanisms Supporting Creative Thought and The Influementioning

confidence: 99%

â€œNot in their right mindâ€: the relation of psychopathology to the quantity and quality of creative thought

Ramey

Chrysikou

2014

Front. Psychol.

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The empirical link between psychopathology and creativity is often correlational and fraught with suspiciously causal interpretations. In this paper, we review research in favor of the position that certain forms of psychopathology that profoundly affect the neural substrates for rule-based thought (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) can significantly influence the quantity of creative production. Because highly productive individuals, irrespective of psychopathology, often produce work of greater quality, it seems that such an increase in the quantity of one’s output positively affects the likelihood of generating those statistically rare acts and achievements identified and celebrated as creative. We consider evidence that offers support for such a claim. In addition, we explore findings from neuroscience that can address how a neural mechanism, the flexibility of which relies on tradeoffs between rule-based (e.g., prefrontal cortex) and stimulus-based (e.g., sensorimotor cortex) brain regions, is influenced by psychopathology in ways that can alter dramatically the quantity and quality of creative output.

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Intact and impaired cognitive-control processes in schizophrenia

Cited by 29 publications

References 23 publications

Assessing neurocognitive function in psychiatric disorders: A roadmap for enhancing consensus

Assessing neurocognitive function in psychiatric disorders: A roadmap for enhancing consensus

Neural Correlates of Impaired Cognitive Control over Working Memory in Schizophrenia

â€œNot in their right mindâ€: the relation of psychopathology to the quantity and quality of creative thought

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Intact and impaired cognitive-control processes in schizophrenia

Cited by 29 publications

References 23 publications

Assessing neurocognitive function in psychiatric disorders: A roadmap for enhancing consensus

Assessing neurocognitive function in psychiatric disorders: A roadmap for enhancing consensus

Neural Correlates of Impaired Cognitive Control over Working Memory in Schizophrenia

â€œNot in their right mindâ€: the relation of psychopathology to the quantity and quality of creative thought

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â€œNot in their right mindâ€: the relation of psychopathology to the quantity and quality of creative thought