Insulin Therapy and Autoimmune Disease with Relevance to Non Alchoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Abstract

The diabetes epidemic is now expected by the year 2050 to become a global pandemic with approx. 592 million affected in both the developed and developing world. The treatment of diabetes by insulin therapy has been the focus for many diabetics with the improvement and prevention of various diseases such as cardiovascular disease, kidney disease and neurodegeneration. The global nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) epidemic has now become of major concern to diabetes with critical interest in insulin therapy to reverse and stabilize autoimmune disease with relevance to NAFLD and the diabetes pandemic. Dietary components that activate anti-aging genes improve insulin therapy and should be assessed with specific amounts and doses of Indian spices consumed that may not interfere with insulin therapy and induce mitophagy in various diseases. Food quality, appetite control and core body temperature are critical to maintain insulin therapy with unhealthy diets linked to NAFLD and diabetes. Genomic medicine and dietary activators are essential to maintain insulin therapy and prevent toxic immune reactions with relevance to NAFLD and diabetes management.

Impact of Aerobic Versus Resistance Exercise Training on Glucose Control and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress among Saudi Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

“…Plasma sirtuin 1 levels have been shown to be reduced in NAFLD, obesity, diabetes and other chronic diseases. Aerobic and resistance exercise that maintain metabolic control is possibly linked to activation of Sirtuin 1 and the reversal of liver steatosis/early NAFLD [49][50][51].…”

Appetite Dysregulation and the Apelinergic System are Connected to the Global Chronic Disease Epidemic

“…The peptide apelin and its receptor APJ (G protein-coupled receptor) play an important role in various tissues and the role in stress, insulin resistance, hormone release, thermoregulation, food intake and water balance are critical to endocrinology and diabetes (Figure 1). Recent studies have indicated that apelin is now identified as an anti-aging factor and its inactivation leads to a decline in the apelinergic axis [2] with accelerated aging and programmed cell death that is linked to endocrinology, diabetes and neurodegenerative disease with relevance to the global chronic disease epidemic [3][4][5][6]. Apelin regulates the aging process by interactions with sirtuins [3] and its regulation of sirtuins 1-7 is critical in the prevention of the accelerated aging process and chronic disease.…”

Multi-Omics Comparison of the Spontaneous Diabetes Mellitus and Diet-Induced Prediabetic Macaque Models

“…Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic malfunction, characterized by a prolonged high blood glucose level, the prevalence of which has been steadily elevating in the past decades ( Martins, 2014 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ). DM occurs when the pancreas produces insufficient insulin, and/or the body tissues, such as the liver, resist the actions of insulin ( Martins, 2018a ). Animal models, as in the studies on many other human diseases, have been wildly applied to the investigations of this metabolic disorder affecting multiple organ systems ( Martins, 2017 ; Kleinert et al, 2018 ; Backman et al, 2019 ).…”