Insulin-Secreting Capacity in Newborn Infants of Normal and Diabetic Women

Baird, J D; Farquhar, J W

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(62)91720-8

Cited by 162 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The present study shows that increases in Kt are associated with increases in insulin levels in plasma and that infants of normal mothers are capable of releasing large amounts of insulin in response to hyperglycemia. This fact was not apparent from the earlier work of BAIRD and FARQUHAR [2] nor was it shown to be of such magnitude and duration by JORGENSEN et al [11] since in both the studies, the number of observations made on each infant was small. The period of time after glucose administration was short.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Differences in glucose tolerance between these two groups were shown by BAIRD and FARQUHAR [2], although J0RGENSEN et al [11] were unable to confirm the finding that IDM remove an intravenously administered glucose load more rapidly than do INM. The present study documents the changes occurring in immunologically reactive insulin levels in the plasma following hyperglycemic stimulation in newborn infants of normal mothers, of insulin-treated diabetic mothers, and in the less common infants of insulin-independent mothers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Glucose Tolerance and Plasma Insulin in Newborn Infants of Normal and Diabetic Mothers

1968

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Infants born to diabetic mothers remove glucose more rapidly from plasma than do infants of normal mothers. The glucose tolerance of normal newborns in the first hour after intravenous injection of glucose is poorer than in the child or adult. Infants of diabetic mothers have higher levels of insulin-like activity in plasma a few minutes after an intravenous glucose load than do normals. The rate of removal of glucose from plasma during the second hour after loading, however, is enhanced in infants of normal mothers; this correlates with the later peak levels of immunologically reactive insulin in the normal baby.Glucose tolerance and levels of insulin in plasma were determined under identical conditions in the infants of 14 normal mothers, of 14 diabetic mothers who had received insulin, of 6 diabetic mothers who had not received insulin, and of one mother who had had glucosuria in pregnancy and whose baby looked like the infant of a diabetic mother.Glucose tolerance was expressed as the 'total index' (Kt), the percentage of glucose disappearing from the plasma in one minute. Insulin levels in plasma were determined by the method of HALES and RANDLE [9]. The Kt of infants of normal women (0.44 to 2.31, with a mean of 1.16) during the first hour after a glucose load differed little from that of infants of non-insulin-treated diabetic mothers (1.51 to 1.93, with a mean of 1.31). The Kt of both groups differed significantly from that of infants of insulin-treated diabetic mothers, in whom the Kt was in the range 0.83 to 5.78, with a mean of 3.30. In the second hour, however, the rate of glucose removal in both groups of infants of diabetic mothers appeared to fall, while in infants of normal mothers, the rate appeared to rise.These observations on Kt correlate with changes in insulin levels in plasma of the normal and noninsulin-treated diabetic groups. Although individual differences existed within the groups, the mean for normals rose from 49 ,uU/ml of plasma before glucose-loading to 139 at two minutes after. The level then fell, but climbed again to reach a value of 229 ^U/ml at one hour. In contrast, the mean for the diabetic group rose from a value of 34 prior to loading to one of 208 /tU/ml two minutes after loading. There was, however, little if any second peak.The presence of antiinsulin antibodies makes impossible the accurate measurement of insulin levels in plasma of babies of mothers who have been treated with insulin; in one case, however, treatment had been so brief that no antibody was formed. This baby showed a high but ephemeral insulin response to the glucose load.The infant who looked like an infant of a diabetic mother and whose mother was found to have had persistent glucosuria in pregnancy had, in the absence of insulin antibody, the highest insulin response observed. ISLES, DICKSON, FARQUHAR Speculation 199In the first hours of life, insulin is released in response to a glucose load, but the size and speed of the response suggest that it simply reflects the glucose levels to which the infan...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Glucose Tolerance and Plasma Insulin in Newborn Infants of Normal and Diabetic Mothers

1968

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“…The high glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the liver of newborns (Dawkins, 1961) and the rapid decrease of the glycogen content of the liver also speak in favour of a normal or even accelerated hepatic glucose output in the newborn infant. Nor can the fasting hypoglycaemia of the newborn be explained by hyperinsulinism, as newborn infants have a low insulin-like activity in their blood plasma (Baird and Farquhar, 1962;Stimmler, Brazie and O'Brien, 1963). The most probable explanation seems to be a high uptake of glucose in the tissues that are independent of insulin action for the transfer of glucose from the extra-to the intracellular space, i.e.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…above all the central nervous system. Glucose tolerance has previously been studied in the neonatal period by Baird and Farquhar (1962), Bowie et al (1963), Desmond (1953), and Stegmann and Beck (1955). According to Desmond (1953), the response of premature and full-term infants to intravenously given glucose is within normal adult limits.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition the glucose tolerance, measured by oral or intravenous tests, seems to be lower in normal newborn infants than in older children and adults (Baird and Farquhar, 1962;Bowie, Mulligan and Schwartz, 1963;Stegmann and Beck, 1955). These observations do not fully agree with the conception that 'the normal term or premature infant has essentially normal (if perhaps a little slow or imprecise) regulatory mechanisms for carbohydrate metabolism' (Smith, 1959).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Glucose Tolerance in the Neonatal Period and During the First Six Months of Life

1965

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Insulin in Blood

Char¹,

Kelley²

1962

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med

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As Thomas 3 has pointed out, he did not lose interest in the nascent scholars he attracted into academic fields. He was always a "people watcher," a cultivator with the approach of the good gardener, rather than that of the botanist. He recog¬ nized the importance of nurturing his younger colleagues as individuals, rather than producing a particular hybrid or gratifying his institution at their expense. He felt that what was best for his men was best for the Department, and the interests of the Department were on occasion sacrificed.Instead of a smooth-running organization, in which members fitted like parts into a well-oiled machine, his department was a collection of asynchronous individ¬ uals, whose independent clinical and scientific work was always visibly exciting and stimulating to their students and housestaff.The important lesson that the lives of McQuarrie and similarly productive great teachers have for medical educators is clear. One commonly observes that our pres¬ ent-day medical educators, as they lay plans for new medical schools or develop new teaching institutions, often become overly devoted to program, to physical plant, or to provisions for "balance." It is often forgotten that the most important element in an institution is the men who are the teachers and that these other factors are not primary to the educational process.The central problem then for medical educators who want to promote excellence in teaching is to improve the means of identification and cultivation of those individ¬ uals, who by their devotion to scientific principles and zest for their work, will im¬ print similar qualities upon their students.Individuals like McQuarrie are extremely rare, but they have made extraordi¬ nary contributions to medical science, medical practice, and to the future of medicine. Institutions and programs and the men guiding them must have the flexibility and the wisdom to allow the full scale development of these precious qualities whenever and wherever they can be found.

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Insulin-Secreting Capacity in Newborn Infants of Normal and Diabetic Women

Cited by 162 publications

References 19 publications

Glucose Tolerance and Plasma Insulin in Newborn Infants of Normal and Diabetic Mothers

Glucose Tolerance and Plasma Insulin in Newborn Infants of Normal and Diabetic Mothers

Glucose Tolerance in the Neonatal Period and During the First Six Months of Life

Insulin in Blood

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