Insulin resistance is higher in prepubertal girls but switches to become higher in boys at age 16: A Cohort Study (EarlyBird 57)

Jeffery, Sarah C; Hosking, Joanne; Jeffery, Alison; Murphy, Michael J.; Voss, Linda D; Wilkin, Terence J.; Pinkney, Jonathan

doi:10.1111/pedi.12571

Cited by 28 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…1) [9,[62][63][64][65][66]. This pattern was documented by insulin clamp studies among Caucasian and African-American youths, and persisted with adjustment for measures of adiposity, BMI and objective physical activity levels [63,64,66]. In one of the first mechanistic studies in Latino adolescents, both girls and boys increased insulin secretion to compensate for greater insulin resistance in early puberty [67].…”

Section: Mechanism Of Type 2 Diabetes Onset In Youthmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Despite accounting for these individual-level predictors of insulin resistance, sex differences in insulin resistance across the childhood life-phase exist: females have higher rates of insulin resistance than males from early childhood through to mid-puberty, whilst, during late puberty and adulthood, males exhibit greater insulin resistance than females ( Fig. 1) [9,[62][63][64][65][66]. This pattern was documented by insulin clamp studies among Caucasian and African-American youths, and persisted with adjustment for measures of adiposity, BMI and objective physical activity levels [63,64,66].…”

Section: Mechanism Of Type 2 Diabetes Onset In Youthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex differences in the burden of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk across the life course

et al. 2019

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By 2017 estimates, diabetes mellitus affects 425 million people globally; approximately 90-95% of these have type 2 diabetes. This narrative review highlights two domains of sex differences related to the burden of type 2 diabetes across the life span: sex differences in the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes, and sex differences in the cardiovascular burden conferred by type 2 diabetes. In the presence of type 2 diabetes, the difference in the absolute rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) between men and women lessens, albeit remaining higher in men. Large-scale observational studies suggest that type 2 diabetes confers 25-50% greater excess risk of incident CVD in women compared with men. Physiological and behavioural mechanisms that may underpin both the observed sex differences in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and the associated cardiovascular burden are discussed in this review. Gender differences in social behavioural norms and disparities in provider-level treatment patterns are also highlighted, but not described in detail. We conclude by discussing research gaps in this area that are worthy of further investigation.

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Section: Mechanism Of Type 2 Diabetes Onset In Youthmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Mechanism Of Type 2 Diabetes Onset In Youthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the burden of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk across the life course

et al. 2019

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“…Insulin resistance rises progressively from age 7 years, a few years before the first pubertal signs, and increases further at puberty ( 32 ). At puberty there is also a switch: prepubertal girls have higher insulin resistance but boys exhibit a higher metabolic risk by the end of puberty ( 33 ). These findings may partly explain the complexity of our results: S-INS and HOMA-IR increased in prepubertal girls and boys, despite of treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Girls and Boys Have a Different Cardiometabolic Response to Obesity Treatment

et al. 2018

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Background: Childhood obesity exposes individuals to cardiometabolic disturbances. We analyzed how family-based multidisciplinary obesity treatment influenced children's cardiometabolic health.Materials and methods: In this retrospective, two-year, follow-up study of 654 2- to 18-year-old children treated for obesity in three Finnish pediatric clinics in 2005–2012, blood pressure (BP), metabolic parameters, and the influence of sex, puberty and a change in body mass index standard deviation score (BMI SDS) were analyzed.Results: At baseline, at least one cardiovascular risk factor was present in 474 (80%) cases. Boys presented with more significant changes in cardiometabolic parameters than girls during the treatment. Boys' total cholesterol (TC) improved by 12 months (P = 0.009), and their low-density lipoprotein C (LDL-C) and glycosylated hemoglobin ameliorated by 12 months (P = 0.030 and 0.022, respectively) and 24 months (P = 0.043 and 0.025, respectively). Boys' triglycerides, insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and systolic BP deteriorated at 24 months (P < 0.001, 0.004, 0.002, and 0.037, respectively). In all children, the number of acceptable TC, LDL-C, insulin, and HOMA-IR values increased if BMI SDS reduced 0.25 or more by 12 months.Conclusion: Minor cardiometabolic improvements were found during the obesity treatment. These findings indicate the need to assess treatment methods and focus on prevention.

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“…In this connection, Framingham Heart Study showed that asparagine was inversely associated with fasting insulin while aspartate was inversely associated with fasting glucose (16); overweight/obese pregnant women had a higher total amount of asparagine and aspartate (17). Interestingly, these traits and pathways were previously found to be associated with crucial mechanisms which contributed to sex difference in different age groups, for example, higher insulin resistance in males than females before older life (5) and sudden de ciency of estrogens due to menopause at ~ 50 years of age in females (18)(19)(20). Hence, it was possible that asparagine and aspartate homeostasis might help interpret these sex-speci c mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…There is a small but signi cant sex differences in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) globally (1)(2)(3). Crosssectional and prospective investigations all showed that males are more likely to have insulin resistance and to have higher prevalence of diabetes in late adolescence up to midlife than females (4,5). Females experienced a sharply increased risk of diabetes after the menopause, resulting in nearly equal prevalence of T2D as males in older life (1,2,6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive effects of asparagine and aspartate homeostasis with sex and age for the risk of type 2 diabetes risk

Luo

Feng

Yang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Asparagine and aspartate homeostasis link with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to explore whether asparagine and aspartate metabolism interacted with sex and age to increase the risk of T2D.Methods From 27 May 2015 to 3 August 2016, we consecutively retrieved 1032 T2D patients and 1522 subjects without T2D from a tertiary care hospital in Liaoning, China. Restricted cubic spline nested in the logistic regression was used to draw odds ratio curves of plasma asparagine to aspartate ratio for T2D by sex and age. Cutoff point was select where curves went apart, indicating possible interaction. Addictive interactions of asparagine to aspartate ratio with sex or age and secondary interaction with copresence of unfavorable sex and age were further estimated using relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to interaction (AP), and synergy index (S). Results Ratio of asparagine to aspartate >1.5 was associated with elevated risk of T2D (OR: 7.99, 95%CI: 5.50 to 11.6), which was enhanced by female gender to 13.6, (95%CI: 8.10-22.9) and by >50 years of age to 28.7 (14.6-56.3), with significant additive interactions. There was a significant secondary-interaction of copresence of female sex and > 50 years of age with high asparagine to aspartate ratio for increased T2D risk with the OR being further increased to 34.4 (20.5 - 57.5). Conclusions High asparagine to aspartate ratio was associated with markedly increased risk of T2D, which was further amplified by either female gender or >50 years of age, and especially both.

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Insulin resistance is higher in prepubertal girls but switches to become higher in boys at age 16: A Cohort Study (EarlyBird 57)

Cited by 28 publications

References 38 publications

Sex differences in the burden of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk across the life course

Sex differences in the burden of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk across the life course

Girls and Boys Have a Different Cardiometabolic Response to Obesity Treatment

Interactive effects of asparagine and aspartate homeostasis with sex and age for the risk of type 2 diabetes risk

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