Insulin resistance but not visceral adipose tissue is associated with plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 levels in overweight and obese premenopausal African-American women

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:To compare plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) levels and to examine the association of PAI-1 with visceral adiposity and other components of the metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese premenopausal African-American (AA) and Caucasian (CC) women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: 33 CC and 23 AA healthy, overweight and obese, premenopausal women (age 19 -53 y, body mass index 28.1 -48.9 kg=m 2 ). MEASUREMENTS: Body mass index, sagittal diameter, waist circumference, percentage body fat, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (by anthropometry, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and bioelectric impedance techniques), PAI-1, leptin, lipids, glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance (by HOMA IR). RESULTS: AA women had lower triglyceride levels and less visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volume than CC despite similar BMI. PAI-1 levels were not significantly different in the two groups. Insulin resistance was associated with PAI-1 in both groups but only in CC women were VAT, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol and blood pressure related to plasma PAI-1 levels. Multiple regression analysis showed that VAT in CC and insulin resistance in AA were independent predictors of PAI-1. CONCLUSION: VAT is significantly associated with circulating PAI-1 levels in overweight and obese CC but not AA premenopausal women.

Central Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1 in Young Adults

“…However, African American women do not commonly present with hypertriglyceridemia (Metcalf et al, 1998). Despite often having higher HDL-C levels than white people, African American women still suffer unexplained cardiovascular health disparities Solano, Perry, Wang, Ross, & Goldberg, 2003). In order to determine the presence of insulin resistance that was present in the participants of this study, we computed a HOMA-IR (Matthews et al, 1985;Monzillo & Hamdy, 2003;Wallace, Levy, & Matthews, 2004).…”

Effect of Obesity on the Traditional and Emerging Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in African American Women

“…Findings from our study showed a non-significant positive association between BMI and PAI-1 (r = 0.21, p = 0.15) as well as a non-significant relationship between the number of days participants engaged in moderate physical activity per week and PAI-1. These results are consistent with findings reported by Solano, Perry, Wang, Ross, and Goldberg (2003), suggesting that relationships reported in white populations differs in African-Americans. Solano et al, (2003), in a cross-sectional study of overweight and obese premenopausal African American and Caucasian women aged 19 to 53 years, examined the association of PAI-1 with visceral adiposity and other components of the metabolic syndrome.…”

“…These results are consistent with findings reported by Solano, Perry, Wang, Ross, and Goldberg (2003), suggesting that relationships reported in white populations differs in African-Americans. Solano et al, (2003), in a cross-sectional study of overweight and obese premenopausal African American and Caucasian women aged 19 to 53 years, examined the association of PAI-1 with visceral adiposity and other components of the metabolic syndrome. They found no significant association between PAI-1 and any of these variables (BMI, visceral adipose tissue, glucose, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol) in African American women, despite their findings of a strong association between these metabolic variables and PAI-1 in Caucasian women.…”

“…In summary, our findings are consistent with previous studies by Mora, Lee, Buring, and Ridker (2006) and Solano et al (2003), which found an association between BMI, physical activity levels, and insulin resistance and fibrinogen levels. The differences between our findings and studies that examined relationships between the concentrations of endothelial dysfunction markers may be attributed to differences in methodology and their use of a more diverse population with a broader spectrum of weight categories.…”

“…They concluded that the lack of a metabolic relationship between visceral fat and PAI-1 extends in parallel fashion to other components of the metabolic syndrome in pre-menopausal African American women. With regards to insulin resistance, they also noted there were no significant differences in PAI-1, insulin, glucose and HOMA IR values between the two groups (Solano et al, 2003). Elevated concentrations of hemostatic variables such as fibrinogen and PAI-1 have been found in both African American and Caucasian women overweight/obese women (Perry, Wang, Goldberg, Ross, & Jackson, 2008).…”